UDC 528.92
B. CHETVERIKOV1*, K. BONDAR2, R. HOMENKO2, S. DІDENKO3, M. SHEYHET4
1 Department of Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics, Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. 12, Bandera str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79013, +38(063)1671585, e-mail chetverikov@email.ua
2 ESI of “Institute of Geology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 90, Vasylkivska str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03022, tel. +38 (044) 5213338, e-mail: ks_bondar@ukr.net
3 National Museum of History of Ukraine, 2, Volodymyrs’ka str., Kyiv, Ukraine, 02000, +38 (044) 2784864, e-mail: svdidenko@yandex.ru
4 Union of councils of Jewish in the former Soviet Union, 27-1, Fedorova str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79054, Tel. +38 (067) 6700902,
e-mail: meylach@gmail.com
DETERMINATION OF LOCATION OF THE HISTORICAL OBJECTS USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS AND METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE GROUND RESEARCH
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.094
Aim of this work is to establish and display the territory of the mass graves at the Raylivka village on modern maps using the archive data. To define the place of mass executions and burials during the World War II using interpretational properties of the archival aerial images obtained by the Germans in 1944 and ground geophysical researches. Methods. There is proposed the method of determining the locations of mass graves by World War II that combines remote methods (interpretation of images) and ground non-destructive methods (geophysical research). Photogrammetric processing of archival aerial images in 1944 was divided into the following three stages: transformation of the used materials to one coordinate system (in the case of archival aerial images transformation was performed by reference points that were preserved); and overlaying of the images on this territory at different times to determine the true boundaries of burial; and finally preparation of the final data. At the first stage archived aerial image and modern space images were registered using software ErdasImagine with errors up to 3 meters were stored in a format GeoTIF. Then there was implemented the interpretation of archival aerial images and transfer of defined boundaries of mass graves into the current situation. The final stage of this method is the generation of the resulting research materials. Input data of the geophysical research was the data that were obtained by the photogrammetric method. During the field works the following studies were carried out: a magnetic survey; research by TER; georadar, and soil research. As a result of studies a large number of artifacts from World War II were found and the boundaries of mass graves defined by photogrammetric method were substantially confirmed. Results. The places of mass executions and burials of the World War II were preliminarily determined based on the interpretation of archival aerial images obtained in 1944. With ground geophysical studies confirmed the fact of mass executions in the experimental area on the base of discovered casings from German arms. Also confirmed by photogrammetric identification method was the location of the mass graves. Scientific novelty. The proposed method that combines the remote photogrammetric and ground geophysical research determination of mass graves of World War II allows reliably and with reasonable accuracy determining its territory on modern maps. The practical significance. Developed cartographic materials and researching results can be used to display historical events that occurred in the area. The results of this work can be transferred to the Department of preservation of cultural heritage of Lviv as the annex to the passport of cultural heritage object.
Key words: archival aerial image; remote sensing data; geophysical researches; ground penetrating radar; photogrammetric researches; mass graves.

Література – 14.

UDC 528.94:004:332.33
L. GEBRYN-BAYDI
Department of Aerospace Geodesy, National Aviation University, 1, Kosmonavta Komarova Ave., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03058,
tel.: 063-338-51-35, е-mail: liliya.gebrinbaydi@gmail.com
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS TO EVALUATION OF SOIL FERTILITY INDICATORS OF ZAKARPATTIA LANDS
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.042
Aim. Identification and evaluation of the soil fertility indicators based on processing of the data of on-ground and remote sensing research on the agricultural lands of different landscape zones in Zakarpattia. Меthodology. The proposed methodology of the laws of physics that describe the relation between the content of humus in soil and spectral energy brightness of soil which is interpreted based on multi-spectral aerospace images, includes three research approaches. The first approach refers to research and identification of statistical linear dependencies of the actual humus level in soil and the spectral energy brightness of soil which was obtained based on processing of the multi-spectral aerospace images. The second approach lies in developing new models that are based on linear dependencies of the actual humus level in soil and the spectral energy brightness of soil and infrared electromagnetic of electromagnetic emission. The third approach is founded on application of degree models that in the best manner describe such dependence. From the point of view of mathematics, importance of the three stages was validated using identification of significance for the correlation coefficients, confidence intervals, mean square deviations of the calculated humus level indicator from the actual humus level indicator, and application of the Fisher coefficient. Findings. In the course of identification and research of statistical linear dependencies of spectral brightness of channels and the relevant humus level indicators in soil it was investigated that the closest inverse linear dependence was detected in the red (Red) spectral channel of the visible range. In application of the second approach, it was revealed that to identify and evaluate the humus level in soil the model which mediates the red and infrared spectral channels based on the relation of the close infrared channel to the red channel, is the most appropriate. As a result of trial of the third approach it was determined that application of power law model includes only the red spectral channel. Scientific novelty. It was stated that using the data on remote sensing of the Earth to identify and evaluate the quantitative indicators of humus level content in soil in the landscape areas of Zakarpattia it is most appropriate to apply the models designed based on the data on spectral energy brightness in the visible and infrared spectral ranges, since the mean square deviation of the estimated humus content level in soil from the actual humus level indicator in these models is minimal, whereas the probability is the highest. Practical significance. This approach enables quick and reliable collection of information on the quantitative indicators of the humus level content in soil for rational managerial decision-making on applicability agrotechnical means to for prevention of soil fertility reduction in relation to landscape zones of Zakarpattia.
ֺKey words: remote sensing of Earth; spectral energy brightness; spectral indices; multi-spectral aerospace images; monitoring of ground layers; humus; linear mathematical models.

Література – 25.

UDK 692.382
N. BRODSKIY1, P. KONDRATOV2*, A. OGANESYAN2, V. TKACHENKO2
1. The department of architectural designs, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandera str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79013
2 Research Institute of Design ELVIT, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 5, Knyaz Romana str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79005;
e-mail: kondrpk38@gmail.com
USING INVERSE FILTERING TO INCREASE THE RESOLUTION IR IMAGES
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.036

The aim of the work is to increase the resolution of IR images obtained as a result of monitoring thermal objects. Methodology. It is known, an optical system сan not date a CCD point picture thermal object. Instead picture diffraction spots, have significant deterioration in quality thermal image which has a reduced effect with defraction. This is an urgent system task useful in the formative and processing signal. To achieve this goal, it is suggested to use the method of reverse filtration, which allows, knowing the function of point dispersion (FPD) of the optical system caused by the phenomenon of diffraction, to significantly reduce its effect on the quality of the resulting image. In the optics-computer system, the optical image is projected onto a CCD matrix, de FPD which is already presented in digital form. This method based on reverse filtration [Rabiner et al., 1978]. It is believed that blur is an irreversible operation and information is irretrievably lost, because every pixel turns into a spot and everything mixes. Results. In fact, all information is simply redistributed in accordance with the FPD and can be uniquely restored with some reservations. The proposed technique for using the reverse filter algorithm allows us to overcome the limitations imposed by the optical system. Scientific novelty. The authors propose to use the specially developed digital measures and the program of two-convolution convolution (convolution) of these images with FPD to determine the effect of the FPD values on the resolution of the monitoring system. Practical significance. The developed algorithm of reverse filtration (deconvolution) together with other methods (for example, sub-pixel processing) can be successfully used for processing IR images obtained as a result of remote monitoring of thermal objects. The deconvolution method allows overcoming the limitations on the resolution that are imposed by the optical system in the infrared range. This leads, in the absence of noise, to an accurate reproduction of the input image of the thermal object, regardless of the diameter of the world spot. The difference in the values of the FPD optics and the FPD model, which were used in the implementation of convolution and deconvolution programs, is of decisive importance. Especially important are the results of the operation of the method of reverse filtration under the conditions of noise on the thermal image and in the data transmission channel. The value of the signal-to-noise ratio at which the distortions are considered as insignificant is determined. At the same time, as the studies show, the magnitude of the photoluminescence spot of the objective is important. The question of application of the proposed method of reverse filtration in the case of uncertainty of lens data, which was used in thermal monitoring, is often encountered in the practice of processing thermal imagery available to the user. All the results obtained are verified on imitation models, which is the additional novelty and practical significance of the results obtained.
Key words: resolution; lens; the scattering function of a point; model; convolution; deconvolution.

Література – 13.

UDC 332.3
M. TREHUB, I. TREHUB
State Higher Educational Institution “National Mining University”, Dnipro, 19, D. Yavornitskiy av., Ukrainе. EMail: nikolaytregub@gmail.com
CONCEPTS OF RATIONAL LAND USE
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.118
Objective. The concept of sustainable land use in the context of sustainable development of land development plays a very important role in modern models of land management. Conditioned by the agrarian orientation of our country, many publications are aimed at solving problems of rational use of agricultural lands, while other categories of land are given less attention. Taking into account the available features for other categories of land, the purpose of this publication is to summarize and to provide conceptual approaches to sustainable land use of industrial areas. Methodology. The results were obtained by analyzing the State legal acts of Ukraine, and from publications of domestic and foreign authors on issues of sustainable development of land and development of eco-cities in Ukraine and abroad. The study is based on official statistics and reports of The State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre and State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Results. Based on current research on industrial land use, priority directions of their possible sustainability use were given, and the corresponding specificity was suggested. The concepts of “sustainable development”, “eco-city” and “eco-development” were defined and the results of foreign research on these issues were presented. It was established that in Western Europe, all land management is based on the principles of sustainable development with a significant influence of an environmental component, which is a burning issue in Ukraine as well. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty is based on the suggestions for a possible adaptation of the environmental component of sustainable use of industrial land to form industrial park land parcels. Practical value. The development of the concept of sustainable territorial development and its adaptation in Ukraine for all categories of land is to become a priority in the near future. In this matter, the most important is the ability to combine the best practices of developed countries, while taking local conditions into account.
Key words: sustainable land use, sustainable development, eco-city, eco-development of industrial parks

Література – 13.

UDC 630:528.8
О. TOKAR1, M. KOROL2, S. HAVRYLIUK3, A. CUNJAK4
1 Department of International Information, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandera str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79013,
e-mail: tokarolya@gmail.com
2, 3 Department of Forest Inventory and Management, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 19, Pryrodna str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79057, e-mail: nikkorol@ukr.net, serhiy_havrylyuk@ukr.net
4 Department of Land Management and Design, Ecological College of Lviv National Agricultural University, Zamarstynivska str., 167, Lviv, Ukraine, 79068
APPLICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES FOR THE ESTIMATION
OF FOREST INVENTORY INDICES
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.084
Purpose. Estimation of the state of forest stands using remote sensing data and statistical inventory data and the comparison of forest inventory indices with forest management materials. Methodology. Remote sensing data were used for the investigation of inventory indices. Inventory indices of forest stands of NNP “Skolivsky Beskydy” and ascertain edges of forest massif were done with Landsat ETM+ data (resolution 30 m) and Quick Bird data (resolution 0.6 m). For the image interpretation with the minimal distance algorithm forest stands on sample plots were studied. These sample plots were chosen on the regular network with a pitch of 300 m in QGIS software. Inventory indices estimation was done using common methods in forest management. Results. Utilization of satellite images for forest resources investigation was described. Modern approaches and technologies for forest resources investigation were used. It allowed realizing estimation of edges of forest area for Skole forest district of NNP “Skolivsky Beskydy” (Lviv Region) and specifying edges using remote sensing data. Differences of area on digital maps and forest management materials were calculated. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The algorithm of using remote sensing data for separation of edges of subcompartments was adapted. Obtained results were compared to the forest management database and respective deviations were estimated. These data and the algorithm can be used for creation of digital maps of forest cover, touristic maps, and separation on functional zones.
Key words: forest vegetation; satellite image; image interpretation; raster; digital map.

УДК 528.3
S. PERIJ, I. POKOTYLO, T. KORLIATOVYCH
Department of Geodesy, of Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandera str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79013,
e-mail: periy_ss@ukr.net, Ivan.Y.Pokotylo@lpnu.ua, tetiasek@gmail.com
INVESTIGATION OF ACCURACY OF METHODS

OF TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING DURING THE TRANSMISSION OF ELEVATIONS OVER WATER SURFACES
https://doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2017.01.018
Aims. The investigations of the transmission of elevations over water surfaces remain topical, so the first aim is to develop the technique of increasing the accuracy of the trigonometric instead of geometrical one. The second aim is to investigate the methods of trigonometric which can be used for the transmission of elevations over water surfaces with the use of modern devices. Methodology. Simultaneous and non-simultaneous reciprocal observations over different water surfaces have been carried out. The results of the trigonometric leveling carried out by different methods have been processed. Results. On the territories of training geodetic site in Berezhany city (Ternopil region) and urban settlement Shatsk (Volyn’ region) the activities directed to the creation of elevation geodetic base have taken place, including the investigations of the accuracy of trigonometric leveling during the transmission of elevation over the water surfaces. Vertical tie-in of geodetic datum has been done by the III class geometrical leveling. For determining heights on the investigated points, linear and angular measurements have been made with the use of automated tachymeters TPS 1201R Leica and TC 2003 Leica. According to the results of the observations on the geodetic site in urban settlement Shatsk, the comparison of the elevations obtained by the geometric leveling and trigonometric leveling by the methods “from inside”, “across the point”, “refraction basis” and non-simultaneous reciprocal leveling has been conducted. Balancing of the analytical network by a method of least squares has been done. According to the results obtained in Berezhany, the coefficients of vertical refraction along different directions have been computed and the comparison of elevations obtained from the III class geometric leveling and from the trigonometric leveling done by the method “from inside” have been conducted. The investigations of the accuracy of different methods of trigonometric leveling compared to III class geometric leveling have shown that they both generally meet the accuracy requirements of leveling on the flat grounds. Since the rough terrain has its peculiarities, some additional measured characteristics of the propagation of the axis of sight over different surfaces should be taken into account, for example, fluctuations of zenith distances determining atmosphere stratification or measured elevations. Scientific novelty. The application of non-simultaneous reciprocal trigonometric leveling over the water surfaces instead the III class geometric leveling on the paths under 1 km in length. Practical applicability. The possibility of replacing the cost-based geometric leveling with the trigonometric leveling without accuracy losses during the transmission of elevations over the water surfaces is shown.
Key words: trigonometric leveling, vertical refraction, geometric leveling, automated electronic tachymeter, refraction basis.
Література – 15.