УДК 621.391

Р.І. Бак, І.Б. Чайковський, Р.А. Бурачок
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
МЕТОД БАЛАНСУВАННЯ АБОНЕНТСЬКОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ МЕРЕЖІ КОМІРКОВОГО ЗВ’ЯЗКУ
© Бак Р.І., Чайковський І.Б., Бурачок Р.А., 2014

Bak R.I., Tchaikovsky I.B., Burachok R.A.
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
METHOD OF SUBSCRIBER NETWORK LOAD BALANCING IN CELULAR NETWORK
© Bak R.I., Tchaikovsky I.B., Burachok R.A., 2014

This paper is devoted to the solving the problem which occurs in cellular networks at times of peak busy hour when the radio resources are ended in one or more cells. Proposed method increases the availability of radio resources of mobile network through radio resources forced redistribution. Radio resources forced redistribution is transfer of a part of network load from congested sector to lower loaded sector. This is done by transferring subscriber load (forced handover) between closely-spaced sectors within the common coverage area. To perform a forced handover is necessary to the power of the signal that the user receives from a base station of destination sector was equal to or above the minimum operating value and the movement of the user was negligible relative to the radius of the cell during the average duration of a communication session. Classification of active subscribers at speeds of movement (the lower the speed, the higher the priority for forced handover) and class of service (the lower the rating, the higher the priority for forced handover) is made to limit the dimension of the problem of radio resource forced redistribution. The set of mobile network sectors is represented by a network graph. In this graph each node is a sector of the cell. Connecting nodes indicate the existence of a common coverage area for the relevant sectors. This connection is a prerequisite for the forced redistribution of network radio resource. Edge weighting coefficients indicate the value of bandwidth used by subscribers of one sector, when the signal power level from second sector is equal to or greater than the minimum operating value for these subscribers. Subscriber load balancing algorithm in a mobile network consists of five steps. Scanning the sector i with the highest factor loading Ki. Finding routes set H from node i to node j, in which the paths bandwidth is not less than Cimin, and the load factor the sector j would not exceed Kдоп value after transferring to it the loads Cimin. Searching in the set H the path hij with the minimum rank R(hij). Selecting subscribers in each node of the way hij (except the sector j), which will change the service sector. Transferring the user’s load from the sector i to the sector j is a forced handover of the subscribers on the hij way, starting from the penultimate node in j, and ending from the i to the second node. For systems with more computing power complicated graph is offered, which allows to perform load balancing of mobile network more effectively.
Key words: cellular network, handover, sector load factor, load balancing.

Запропоновано алгоритм балансування абонентського навантаження у мережі мобільного зв’язку з метою зменшення коефіцієнта завантаження сектору. Цей метод підвищує доступність радіоресурсів мережі мобільного зв’язку за допомогою вимушеного перерозподілу радіоресурсу. Запропоновано класифікацію активних абонентів за швидкістю переміщення та класом використовуваних послуг на основі моніторингу стану абонентських терміналів.
Ключові слова: мережа коміркового зв’язку, хендовер, коефіцієнт завантаження сектору, балансування навантаження.

Кількість посилань 3

УДК 621.375.026:681 327

В.Я. Василюк, В.І. Шклярський
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЧАСУ ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯ СТРУМУ В ІНДУКТИВНОМУ НАВАНТАЖЕННІ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧА НАПРУГА-СТРУМ ПРИ НЕГАРМОНІЧНІЙ ДІЇ
* Василюк В.Я., Шклярський В.І., 2013

V.Ya. Vasylyuk, V.I. Shkliarskyi
Lviv Polytechnic National University
DETERMINATION OF CURRENT SETTING TIME IN INDUCTIVE LOAD OF VOLTAGE-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER UNDER NON-HARMONIC INFLUENCE
* Vasylyuk V.Ya., Shkliarskyi V.I., 2013

The paper presents analysis of problems dealing with the determination of the current setting time in the inductive component of the complex load of Voltage-to-current (VTC) converter under non-harmonic input influence. There is showed the change in the transient response and in the current setting time of the inductor on changing the VTC converter and complex load parameters. Expression to determine the current setting time of complex load of VTC converter at given level of dynamic error is presented. The estimation of dynamic error in determining the current setting time is presented in accordance with the time dependencies of transient responses of current setting in inductive load of VTC converter with complex load’s and VTС’s converters different parameters.
The mathematical model of precision VTC converter [1] with deflection system (DS) of cathode-ray tube (CRT) of television scanning optical microscope connected to its output has been designed and is presented as a complete equivalent circuit taking into account the resistance and parasitic capacitance of load. In accordance with the set conditions of raster formation on screen of such CRT, the control of converter is carried out by non-harmonic signal with variable shape, frequency, amplitude and displacement [2].
Precision VTC converter built as parallel circuit with a deep DS’s current feedback, the signal of which is formed on the feedback resistor, which is connected in series with the load, has been studied. To ensure the aperiodic current setting the bypass resistor is connected to the load in parallel. While analyzing this circuit we’re considering that: the static error due to instability of comparison resistors and feedback resistor is equal to zero, the cutoff frequency of VTC converter is higher than the resonant frequency of the load, and the error due to resistance of DS is compensated.
The mathematical model allows to carry out a complete theoretical study of precision VTC converter and to get expressions to determine the parameters upon certain conditions:
1) supply voltage of VTC converter is higher than the maximum voltage on the DS during the transition process;
2) amplifier is presented as one inertial circuit with real parameters: unity gain frequency , gain amplifier ;
3) the resistance of DS and parasitic capacitance are taken into account at analysis;
4) considered that the feedback resistor is non-inductive;
5) the current flowing through the resistor R2 relative to current of feedback resistor is very small and it is neglected.
Key words: voltage to current converter, complex load, inductive load, converter speed, accuracy, dynamic error.

Розроблено математичну модель прецизійного перетворювача напруга-струм (ПНС), навантаженого відхилювальною системою (ВС), яка забезпечує визначення часу встановлення струму у індуктивній складовій навантаження з необхідною точністю при заданій динамічній похибці. Наведені часові залежності встановлення струму у індуктивній складовій при зміні параметрів ПНС та комплексного навантаження.
Ключові слова: перетворювач напруга-струм, комплексне навантаження, індуктивне навантаження, швидкодія, точність, динамічна похибка.

Кількість посилань 5

УДК 519.852:621.372

Л.К. Гліненко, В.М. Фаст
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
РОЗВ’ЯЗАННЯ ЗАДАЧ КОМБІНАТОРНОЇ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ РАДІОЕЛЕКТРОННИХ СИСТЕМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ MS EXCEL SOLVER
© Гліненко Л.К., Фаст В.М., 2014

L.K. Hlinenko., V.M. Fast,
Lviv Polytechnic National University
SOLVING OF RADIOELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS WITH MS EXCEL SOLVER
© Hlinenko L.K., Fast V.M., 2013

Possibilities of modelling optimization design problems as the extreme combinatorial graph problems and solving them in MS Excel Solver are studied. Drawbacks of existing models from considering their realization in MS Excel Solver are analyzed. As a result it is concluded that for forming a mathematical model of the optimization problem, suitable for realization in the environment of MS Excel Solver it is necessary to develop analytical presentation of an initial graph and minimum path between its arbitrary nodes, which, on the one hand, would adequately reflect the structure of initial graph and its minimum path, and, on the other hand, would satisfy the demands of problem presentation in the environment of MS Excel Solver of all versions, what requires to refuse the utilizing of function IF as well as other discontinuous functions. As a result, problem model based on graph incidence matrix is proposed. These model is in fact the graph enhanced incidence matrix, extension of which consists in including to the matrix a row corresponding to a base node. It is proved that in case of reflecting in this matrix a structure of any graph path the matrix content has to meet several conditions, namely: the sum of the modules of values for every matrix column, corresponding graph ribs included in a path, amounts 2; the sum of the modules of values for every matrix column, corresponding graph ribs out of a path, amounts 0; a sum of the modules of values in any matrix row equals to the degree of the node corresponding the row, and will take a value of 1 for initial and terminal vertexes, 2 – for the intermediate vertexes of the path and 0 for vertexes which don’t belong to the path. These features enable to set the objective function and constraints as sums of products of certain matrix cell values and sums of values in the rows or columns. Conversion of the absolute values of matrix cell values to real values of incidence matrix cells by multiplying the table of changing cells by incidence matrix as well as conversion of real values of incidence matrix cell to absolute one by squaring them allows to apply the constraint of Boolean variable to changing cells without exploiting the discontinuous function ABS. The objective function and all constraints are presented by linear functions what makes the problem model extremely simple for solving by MS Excel Solver. The incidence matrix properties make it easy to set the technological constraint for number of wires (represented by graph ribs) to any lead (represented by graph vertex) by imposing the constraints on maximum value of corresponding node degree. Offered problem models based on graph incidence matrix enable to find extreme paths, either minimal or maximal, for directed and undirected graphs of any complexity.
Key words: modelling, graph, extreme path, optimization, incidence matrix, constraint.

Розглянуті можливості моделювання оптимізаційних задач проектування як екстремальних комбінаторних задач на графах та їх розв’язання у MS Excel Solver. Запропоновані моделі задач на основі аналітичного представлення графа його матрицею інциденцій, які забезпечують знаходження за допомогою MS Excel Solver екстремальних шляхів для орієнтованих та неорієнтованих графів довільної складності.
Ключові слова: моделювання, граф, екстремальний шлях, оптимізація, матриця інциденцій, обмеження.

Кількість посилань 7

УДК 621.372.8

Й.А. Захарія
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ КРИВОЛІНІЙНИХ НИТКОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР У ХВИЛЕВОДАХ
© Захарія Й.А., 2013

Yo.A. Zakharia
Lviv Polytechnic National University
Cathedra for radioelectronic devices and systems
MODELING OF CURVILINEAR FILAMENT STRUCTURE IN THE WAVEGUIDE
© Zakharia Yo.A., 2013

Well known current filament modeling method is frequently for electrodynamic structures analysis in free space and in waveguide used. In both cases the electrodynamic analyse principles are the same. The current filament method is often for analysis of closed waveguide exciter, or analogous passive elements in waveguide used. For sufficient small area of closed filament structure and corresponding great field point distance in analysis the dipole model is valid. The form of structure contour is then not essential. Therefore the codition of structure momentum (electrical or magnetic) we use an polygonal modeling. The contour of filament closed structure may be analytically described. But often the contour form is arbitrary and can not be mathematical expressed. In last case it is possible the considered in this paper polygonal modeling to apply.
For example in the paper the magnetic current is taken. Such example is useful in analysis of waveguide aperture exciting. It is known, that necessary Green functions are by form of waveguide cross section defined, and usually given by infinite series. The known modified Green functions often are particularly simplified. Therefore we are forced the numerical analysis method to apply. But necessary analytical expressions we must get by electrodynamic mehods. The coresponding formulas for lineare coordinate sections of polygonal model contour are the simplest. The sloped sections of filament current model in general radiate three vector-potential components. Correspondingly, the field analysis is more complicated. It is possible to use the analogous analytical method without modeling, if filament structure contour can be mathematically expressed. Algorithm for analytical expressions in last case coincide with algorithm for sloped lineare section of magnetic current filament given in the paper But mathematical difficulties can cause, that it is impossible analytically to realize. Then we may the polygonal modeling to apply. The algorithm for analytical expressions of radiated by magnetic current electrical field tension is also given in the paper.
Use the circular filament coil with magnetic current for numerical example, the comparison of radiated by various coil polygonal model field tension, is realized in this work. It is established, that in the near zone of coil area the radiated electrical field for N=4 and N=12 is practical the same. A little difference has an order of tenth part from one per cent. We should to remind, that in the quadratic model (N=4) the sloped filament sections absent, and the calculations are simplified. In order to detect of the named above differences, the electrical field is in separate points of a current coil circle radius calculated. So it is found, that only near of quadratic model current filament the result difference icrease to one percent. Such almost on ¾ of quadratic model area the accuracy of modeling is high.
In the paper is an information about simplified modeling of sloped current filament section in waveguide by his coordinate projections given. However the difference of calculated results relative to quadratic modeling increase to three percent.
Key word: waveguide discotinuities.

Пропонуємо здійснювати аналіз криволінійних ниткоподібних структур у хвилеводах аналітичним методом або за допомогою багатокутникових моделей структури. Тоді аналітично описуються лінійні аспекти моделі. На основі прикладу моделювання колового витка магнітного струму у хвилеводі встановлено, що з незначною похибкою можна використовувати квадратну модель.
Ключові слова: хвилеводні неоднорідності.

Кількість посилань 3

УДК 621.391

М.І. Кирик, Н.М. Плесканка, Д.В. Кожуров
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ І МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ЧЕРГ У МЕРЕЖЕВИХ ПРИСТРОЯХ
© Кирик М.І.,Плесканка Н.М., Кожуров Д.В., 2014

M.I. Kyryk, N.M. Pleskanka, D.V. Kozhurov
Lviv Polytechnic National University
THE ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF QUEUES FORMING AND PROCESSING IN THE NETWORK DEVICES
© Kyryk M.I.,Pleskanka N.M., Kozhurov D.V., 2014

The investigation has covered buffer resource and queue management as main and the most important network traffic parameter and access control and overload mechanism. Network devices interaction model can performed by three levels:
 physical layer;
 protocols layer;
 queues consolidating two previous levels.
The basic mechanisms of processing queues have been examined. The rules, that packages in queue are processed according to, are called queues management algorithms. The requirements for processing queues mechanisms have been defined. The formation and processing network queues analysis and modeling mechanisms have been presented. After reading the main points of the mechanisms of formation and queuing, simulation model of queuing in multiservice network using data prioritization has been developed. The model has been implemented in a Matlab software environment.
The number of packages in the buffer has been calculated according to Norros formula. Every algorithm evaluation creterion is the ability to best quality service for each service providing the best parameters QoS. Simulation results comparative analysis has been carried out. For more detailed analysis of the service parameters quality, the results of different types algorithms for multiservice network are presented. QoS parameters, such as the probability of packet loss, delay and jitter, were determined for different flows with appropriate algorithm. It was determined that the FIFO algorithm is unacceptable for service data. PQ algorithm was designed to process high priority flows. The best simulations results showed WFQ algorithm, which can satisfy acceptable service quality according to all parameters.
The presented model makes it possible to choose the optimal queues algorithms for different services. This approach can be used on design stage, and also on increasing the network efficiency stage.
Key words: Quality of Service, Simulation, Self-Similar Traffic, Queues, Queuing mechanisms.

Наведено мережеву модель взаємодії між вузлами обслуговування. Проведено огляд основних механізмів обробки черг. Детальніше розглянуто алгоритм зважених черг, що настроюються. Подано імітаційну модель роботи різних алгоритмів формування та обслуговування черг. Проведено порівняльний аналіз результатів моделювання.
Ключові слова: якість обслуговування, моделювання, самоподібний трафік, черги, механізми формування черг.

Кількість посилань 13

УДК 621.396

М.М. Климаш, Т.А. Максимюк, М.Я. Шеремета, Р.З. Козловський,
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЧАСТОТНО-ЧАСОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ В МЕРЕЖАХ GSM
© Климаш M.M , Максимюк Т.А., Шеремета М.Я., Козловський Р.З., 2014

M.M. Klymash, T.A. Maksymyuk, M.Ya. Sheremeta, R.Z. Kozlovskiy,
Lviv Polytechnic National University
EFFICIENCY IMPROVING OF THE TIME-FREQUENCY RESOURCES UTILIZATION FOR GSM NETWORKS
© Klymash M.M., Maksymyuk T.A., Sheremeta M.Ya., Kozlovskiy R.Z., 2014

This article introduces the methods and techniques for improving of the spectral resources utilization effectiveness for GSM mobile network. We suggest the combined use of orthogonal multiplexing and dynamic frequency and channel allocation as an optimal solution for radio access network. Speech quality is an important measurement for the performance evaluation in a wireless mobile communication system since voice is still the most used service. The speech quality evaluation considered in this paper for GSM system employing narrowband and wideband AMR codecs with Orthogonal Sub Channel (OSC) technique. OSC feature proposes the way to double circuit switched capacity for GSM networks. It has introduced two new channel modes, namely Double Full-rate (DFR), and Double Half-rate (DHR), which have doubled capacity in comparison to legacy AMR channel modes. Many of the efforts in standardization are concentrated on studying hardware improvements lead by AMR DHR usage over AMR HR channel mode. Although AMR DFR has not brought hardware efficiency improvements over legacy channel modes, in this paper it is shown that speech quality is improved over AMR HR with the same blocking capacity. Therefore, it is a good solution for some interference-limited networks. Furthermore, we also investigate the speech quality of wideband AMR DFR codecs, which provides a substantial improvement when compared with narrowband AMR. As GSM uses the combination of frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access, the radio channel determines by the frequency slot and the timeslot. When a channel assignment needs to perform because of a newly initiated connection or handover, DFCA will evaluate all the possible channels and then choose the most suitable one in terms of CIR for the assignment. For this reason, an estimate of the CIR is determined for each available radio channel. The pairing of two users in the same radio channel is one of the most critical of all the aspects of radio resource management. The BSC can take advantage of the software-based pairing capability of DFCA to search for the best pair among several candidates. Although the BSC uses part of the DFCA algorithm for pairing, it is not necessary to synchronize BSS, as is usually the case when introducing DFCA. In standard mode, each GSM frequency channel can handle 8 or 16 users when using the FR-and HR-channel mode. Accordingly, the application of OSC to FR and HR calls, the 16 and 32 persons can occupy one frequency channel by double-FR (DFR) and double-HR (DHR), respectively. To maintain QoS parameters, there were introduced the restrictions for a range of using orthogonal subchannel. With use of OSC technique, we propose to distribute the subscribers to three service quality classes. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of proposed methods, in terms of calls lost probability.
Key words: orthogonal multiplexing, space division, bit error rate, spectral resource, mobile network

Проаналізовано методи та технології підвищення ефективності використання спектральних ресурсів мережі мобільного зв’язку GSM. Запропоновано сумісне застосовування ортогонального об’єднання каналів та динамічної перебудови частотно-часових ресурсів. Для збереження параметрів QoS введено обмеження за дальністю дії ортогонального об’єднання. У зоні дії OSC запропоновано розподіл абонентів лише на три класи за якістю надання сервісу. Результати моделювання підтверджують ефективність використання методів ущільнення зменшенням імовірності втрати викликів.
Ключові слова: ортогональне об’єднання, просторове розділення, коефіцієнт біто¬вих помилок, спектральний ресурс, мобільна мережа.

Кількість посилань 5

УДК 621.391

О.В. Красько
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ОЦІНКА ПАРАМЕТРІВ МЕРЕЖІ НА ЕТАПІ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ОПТИЧНОЇ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ
© Красько О.В., 2014

O.V. Krasko
Lviv Polytechnic National University
EVALUATION OF NETWORK PARAMETERS AT THE STAGE OF OPTICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM DESIGNING
© Krasko O.V., 2014

Since the primary network is nothing more than a set of channels, behavior and standards do not go beyond the network layer protocols, which includes a description of channels and methods of switching. Emerging of new solutions for access network FFTx and wideband mobile access network brings on a rapid growing of packet traffic, transmitted over transport network.
For successful interaction between different access networks, the channels of the backbone network should be standardize according to the PDH and SDH hierarchy. Initially, the development of transport networks assumed that there are only primary channels data. The backbone network considered as a set of channels. Further separation of network traffic segments and segments greatly enhanced the access network scalability. Solutions for transport networks and access networks have become less formal and less standardized, compared with the solutions for the primary and secondary networks.
The main problem that arises when transmitting packet traffic over SDH network is inconsistency throughputs of Gigabit Ethernet networks with a capacity of payload that can be transport by STM. This mismatch significantly reduce the efficiency of channel resources while packet traffic transmitted. One of the possible mechanisms of solving this problem is to use virtual concatenation (VCAT) in conjunction with general framing procedure (GFP) and link capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS).
The concatenation principle leads in combining of multiple virtual containers. As result, their combined capacity used as a block for transmission of data, which size exceeds the size of single container. There are two types of concatenation – contiguous and virtual. Concatenation of both types forms a path of bandwidth is n times greater than the rate of a single container CVC, but with different principle of transmission between two nodes. The set of containers that deliver IP-traffic between two nodes A and B called contiguous concatenation (CCG) or virtual concatenation (VCG) group. The disadvantage of contiguous concatenation is that permissible speed transmission is strictly defined standard SDH hierarchy. The virtual concatenation utilizing channel resources more flexible by non-hierarchical speeds.
The paper presents a hybrid mechanism for virtual concatenation (H-VCAT), which allows increasing channel utilizing by 10 % compared with virtual concatenation and by 50–70 % in comparison with contiguous concatenation. The evaluation of network parameters at the stage of optical transport system designing provided. The optimum set of containers for transferring traffic from FTTx access networks with 99.7 % channel utilizing was proposed.
Key words: NG SDH, VCAT, H-VCAT, GFP, LCAS, channel utilization.

Запропоновано механізм гібридної віртуальної конкатенації, який дозволяє підвищити ефективність використання каналу на 10 % порівняно зі звичайною віртуальною конкатенацією та на 50–70 % порівняно із суміжною конкатенацією. Оцінено параметри мережі на етапі проектування транспортної системи. Визначено оптимальні набо¬ри конкатенованих контейнерів для передавання трафіку від мереж доступу FTTx з швидкостями 1 Гбіт/с та 10 Гбіт/с.
Ключові слова: NG SDH, VCAT, H-VCAT, GFP, LCAS, ефективність використання каналу.

Кількість посилань 4

УДК 621.396

І.М. Кузь, З.М. Хархаліс, П.О. Гуськов, О.А. Лаврів
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МЕТОДІВ ЧАСТОТНОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ КОМІРКОВИХ МЕРЕЖ НА ОСНОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ LTE ТА GSM
© Кузь І.М., Хархаліс З.М., Гуськов П.О., Лаврів О.А., 2014

I.M. Kuz, Z.M. Kharkhalis, P.O. Guskov, O.A. Lavriv
Lviv Polytechnic National University
RESEARCH OF THE FREQUENCY PLANNING METHODS FOR CELL NETWORKS BASED ON LTE AND GSM TECHNOLOGIES
© Kuz I.M., Kharkhalis Z.M., Guskov P.O., Lavriv O.A., 2014

Modern researches in field of mobile network depend on network infrastructure in a specific region. Nowadays, the actual issue is reforming of the existing frequency range for LTE deployment. The most common band is 900/1800 MHz, which in usual licensed for the GSM networks. It known that LTE net-work core can be easily integrated with the existing GSM infrastructure. The convergent base stations had been already known which can operate with GSM/LTE/WCDMA simultaneously. Therefore, the urgent task is implementation of radio interface based on spectrum sensing between different technologies in the same band. This work is devoted to building effective frequency planning networks for LTE technology on the existing GSM band. While making frequency planning of LTE technology, we take into account the presence coverage of existing GSM network. Thus, we consider two different methods of frequency planning: soft and fractional. Both of these methods of frequency reuse well described in LTE. In both cases, the whole frequency band divided into two groups. One of them used by the subscribers located inside the cell as well as on it edges, the other – only in-side the cell. Deploying LTE coverage on GSM spectrum may arise the situation when operating frequencies of GSM base station can fully interfere with one of the LTE bands. We propose modified method of soft frequency re-use, which lies in exception of conflict bands from an inside-cell frequency band. At the border of the cell, we propose to use coordinated service that is providing service to the subscriber by multiple base stations, in order to achieve higher throughput. This technology lies in synchronizing multiple base stations in time and frequency in their interaction via optical channel. Using a joint processing method, we obtain a significant increase in throughput at the border of the cell, which compensates some drawbacks of the soft frequency reuse method. One of the options for deploying LTE network is construction of a common network between several operators. It is a widespread practice these days and leads to the solution for a number of problems, which are connected, in particular, to the lack of spectrum for 3rd and 4th generation networks deployment. Given the global experience, we consider the following model of cooperation between operators: two or more operators carry out reforming of their own bands to release continuous frequency band, merging of which forms a common frequency band. From the set of architectural solutions, we chose two models in which we will be interested. Gateway Core Network – main principal of which lies in closer interaction in a network control segment and allows to install shared mobility management entities as well as common radio access network. Multi Operator Core Network – uses separate MME modules, which, in comparison to GWCN, allows to de-crease amount of service traffic in transport network and to simplify the setup of each core network. According to Ukrainian circumstances and the need of CAPEX reducing in the initial stage we propose to use a GWCN model.
Key words: LTE technology, frequency planning, methods of frequency reuse, coordinated multipoint, Network sharing.

Проаналізовано використання нових методів повторного використання частот. Запропоновано модель ефективного частотного розподілу на основі уникнення конфліктних смуг з технологією GSM. Розглянуто алгоритм координованого обслуговування для зменшення міжкоміркової інтерференції. Проаналізовано необхідність перерозподілу частотних ресурсів між операторами зв’язку з метою отримання неперервної смуги для впровадження технології LTE. З метою отримання великої кількості частотних ресурсів запропоновано здійснювати спільну експлуатацію мережі LTE. Для оптимальної побудови мультиоператорної мережі є запропоновано використання архітектури GWCN.
Ключові слова: технологія LTE, частотне планування, методи повторного використання частот, координоване обслуговування, Network sharing.

Кількість посилань 4

УДК 621.39

А.Г. Ложковський, Є.Б. Куліш, В.Ю. Гордієнко
Одеська національна академія зв’язку ім. О.С. Попова,
Національна комісія, що здійснює державне регулювання у сфері зв’язку та інформатизації
АЛГОРИТМИ МАРШРУТИЗАЦІЇ ТА ЯКІСТЬ ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ПОВІДОМЛЕНЬ МУЛЬТИСЕРВІСНОЇ МЕРЕЖІ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ
© Ложковський А.Г., Куліш Є.Б., Гордієнко В.Ю., 2014

А.G. Loshkovskii, Е.B. Kulish, V.Yu. Gordienko
Odessa national academy of telecommunications named after O.S. Popov,
National commission for the state regulations of communications and informatization
ALGORITHMS FOR ROUTING AND QUALITY OF SERVICE MESSAGES MULTI-SERVICE NETWORK CONNECTION
© Loshkovskii А.G., Kulish Е.B., Gordienko V.Yu., 2014

This paper considers the options for combining routing algorithms in a single method for multiservice communication networks. For a comparative analysis of the quality of service communications multiservice communication network for various routing algorithms used the following input data: the dependence of the average number of packets from the input load of packages, the dependence of the average number of packets from the load generated by switched virtual circuits, the distribution function of packet service time in switching center, the average time and the distribution of packet delivery time given structure, the probability of loss applications for switching channels in a given network structure, bandwidth efficiency of edges, the number of computational operations to perform a rebuild operation, the total number of calculations required for the network operation of the algorithm routing over the period of observation. The first group of these results concerning the estimates of the number of packages in the middle of switching enabled the initial redistribution capacity of edges in the design of multiservice networks. The growth of the number of packets in the system depending on the crossing burden created by applications for switching virtual circuits or packet, in addition, defines the limit load value for a given quality of service. In this sense, the obvious advantages of systems with movable boundary between the regions of a frame allocated to applications for circuit switching and packet switching, as well as the use of digital speech interpolation. The second group of results can find applications of dynamic adaptive routing in comparison with the optimal streaming routing. Number of computational operations identified by analyzing all stages of computing routing algorithm and characterized using spent on the process of iteration time. For comparison, the order of evaluation examined the number of calculations for adaptive dynamic routing in the formation of routing matrix method for the relief packages and Probabilistic gaming applications for switching virtual circuits. Cited simulation results, the number and computation time for performing the process of forming a single optimal route routing several orders of magnitude greater than the formation routes for adaptive dynamic routing. This has been the case for selective formation of block matrices for applications for switching virtual circuits and applications for the packet, and the formation of block matrices with given redistribute bandwidth links between different types of traffic at the expense of moving the border between the regions of the frame. The numerical value of transaction routing methods and compared their performance time indicates that the optimal streaming algorithm that monitors bandwidth usage ribs and entire network as a whole rational use for long time periods between adjustments to the operation of his background adaptive dynamic routing. The time value adjustment and quality of service required characteristics should be taken into account in a comprehensive route selection criteria.
Key words: algorithms, routing, quality of service.

Розглянуто можливі варіанти комплексування алгоритмів маршрутизації в межах єдиного методу для мультисервісної мережі зв’язку та здійснений порівняльний аналіз якості обслуговування повідомлень для різних алгоритмів маршрутизації.
Ключові слова: алгоритм, маршрутизація, якість обслуговування.

Кількість посилань 5

УДК 621.372.826

М.Й. Павликевич
Національний універсистет “Львівська політехніка”
ДИСПЕРСІЙНЕ РІВНЯННЯ ДЛЯ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ МОДОВОГО СПЕКТРА ХВИЛЬ У ВІДКРИТИХ БАГАТОШАРОВИХ ЦИЛІНДРИЧНИХ ДІЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ХВИЛЕВОДАХ
© Павликевич М.Й., 2014

M.Yo. Pavlykevych
Lviv Polytechnic National University
THE DISPERSION EQUATION FOR MODE SPECTRA EVALUATION IN OPENED LAYERED CYLINDRICAL DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES
© Pavlykevych M.Yo., 2014

This paper is devoted to the solving an eigenvalue problem for opened layered cylindrical waveguide structure with arbitrary finite number coaxial magnetodielectric layers. Classical method of separation of variables for analitycal solution to a boundary value problem for second order non-self-adjoint differential operator is applied. A general solution for electromagnetic field components, its boundary and infinity conditions are applied to obtain the complex transcendental dispersion equation. The dispersion equation has form a condition of nontrivial solving for system of homogeneous linear equation, that is a condition of singularity for a matrix D of the system linear equation, for example det(D)=0. For l-layered waveguide structure this is a square 4(l+1)-matrix, which rank not exceed 4l+3. If a rank of matrix D is equal 4l+3, then simple roots of dispersion equation exist, else multiplicity of roots to appear. The matrix D can be represented in block form respectively to vectors of unknown complex amplitude coefficients. Blocks of submatrices are bidiagonal.
The dispersion equation solutions for the particular waveguide structure represents the longitudinal wavenumber values of wave modes and a variety of wavenumber values represent discrete mode spectra: surface modes and leaky modes. In general this is hybrid modes excepting a case of axial symmetrical field distribution. For this case the dispersion equation is decomposed to two equation – for TE-modes and for TM-modes and the matrix D obtain a block diagonal form.
Key words: mode spectrum, eigenvalue problem, multilayer waveguide, cylindrical dielectric waveguide, dispersion equation.

Класичним методом розділення змінних отримано дисперсійне рівняння для визначення спектра мод хвиль у відкритому багатошаровому циліндричному діелектричному хвилеводі з довільною кількістю коаксіальних шарів магнітодіелектриків. Це спектральна задача для несамоспряженого диференційного оператора другого порядку із змінними, які розділяються, і з однорідними граничними умовами на границях шарів. Загальні розв’язки рівнянь для складових полів разом з граничними умовами та умовами на безмежності приводять до комплексного трансцендентного дисперсійного рівняння для поздовжніх хвильових чисел власних хвиль (мод) з дискретним спектром.
Ключові слова: модовий спектр, проблема власних значень, багатошаровий хвилевід, циліндричний діелектричний хвилевід, дисперсійне рівняння.

Кількість посилань 6

УДК: 615:47

Є.В. Сторчун, А.Р. Климух
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
ДИНАМІКА ФОРМУВАННЯ ПУЛЬСОВИХ СИГНАЛІВ ДИСТАЛЬНИХ ВІДДІЛІВ ПРОМЕНЕВИХ АРТЕРІЙ
© Сторчун Є.В., Климух А.Р., 2013

Ye. Storchun, A. Klymukh
Lviv Polytechnic National University
DYNAMICS OF PULSE SIGNAL FORMING FROM DISTAL ZONES OF RADIAL ARTERIES
© Storchun Ye., Klymukh A., 2013

In last time new methods and hardware-software system, which combine eastern medicine traditions and western technologies are commonly used in diagnostic practice. Pulse diagnostics is one of the ancient methods for disease state identification. For diagnostic purposes different kind of arteries zones can be observed, but most popular is pulse diagnostics of wrist joints radial arteries. It is based on recording of signal from three zones, lied closely along the radial arteries of left and right hands. For the purpose of pulse diagnostics special kinds of sensing devices are used.
Preliminary model with schema included acoustic impedances of artery part, soft tissues of registration zone and sensing device was proposed. In this model was assumed, that sensor occlusion force distributed between the model elements and other object structures is constant. Acoustic impedances of artery part and soft tissues were modeled by elastic component taking into consideration pulse signals spectrum. In this work modeling and experimental results of pulse signal forming by distal zone of radial artery depending on sensor occlusion force were presented.
Artery stiffness was defined from the curve showing dependency between the transmural pressure and the relative change of artery volume. Stiffness evaluation results were approximated by second order polynom relative to force conformed to diastolic pressure of patient. Experimental verification of new model for vessels with small tensibility was carried out. Data were obtained for artery zone length 5 mm and pulse pressure mmHg. Artery stiffness polynomial model took into consideration fraction of occlusion force fitted the artery and soft tissues .Initial data for modeling were diastolic and pulse pressure of patient, artery diameter and length, and coefficient defining the increment of soft tissues impedance component depending on occlusive force.
All dependencies were evaluated for each patient in dependency of arterial blood pressure, artery diameter and elastic response. During the simulation study artery diameter was changed in range (1,9 – 3,8) mm in compliance with measuring results obtained by another authors. Length of artery registration zone was changed until the matching of computation and experimental results. Experiment was done using the device with piezoelectric and tensoresistive sensors joined mechanical sequentially.
Investigations for pulse signals from seven zones accordingly to eastern medicine canons were done for 4 patients in age 18-25 years old. Their results showed the adequacy of calculated meanings of pulse signal for different artery zone length in range of small values of occlusion forces. This fact can be explained by model affixment to the object exactly in this range. It can be suggested, that there is no interference of different zones during the pulse signal forming, when occlusive forces of sensors have value from range 0 – 2.0 N. In case of higher occlusive force values deformation of artery is starting. Consequences of deformation are that the elastic properties and pulse wave propagation process are changing. In such conditions process of pulse signal forming could not be described by elaborated model.
Key words: radial artery, stiffness, pulse signal.

Наведено результати моделювання та експериментальних досліджень динаміки формування пульсових сигналів дистальних відділів променевих артерій людини залежно від сили притискання перетворювача до зон їх реєстрації.
Ключові слова: променева артерія, жорсткість, пульсовий сигнал.

Кількість посилань 6

УДК 321.396.6:658.018.2

П.В. Тарадаха, О.В. Надобко, М.Д. Кіселичник, Л.А. Недоступ
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
РОЗРОБКА МЕТОДУ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ПРОЦЕСІВ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ РАДІОЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ АПАРАТУРИ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПАРЕТО-ОБЛАСТЕЙ
© Тарадаха П.В., Надобко О.В., Кіселичник М.Д., Недоступ Л.А., 2013

P. Taradakha, O. Nadobko, M. Kiselychnyk, L. Nedostup,
Lviv Polytechnic National University
DEVELOPMENT THE PROCESS OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE RADIO-ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WITH USING OPTIMIZATION PARETO-REGIONS
© P. Taradakha, O. Nadobko, M. Kiselychnyk, L. Nedostup, 2013

At the department of theoretical radioengineering and radiomeasurements of Lviv Polytechnic National university the theory and methods of modeling and a process optimization the quality assurance processes of the radio-electronic equipment (REE) at a manufacture stage have been developed. As part of this common problem tasks of modeling and optimization the production and technological processes as the main stages with the formation of given (desired) properties REE are also considered. The last task solution reduces to the parameter optimization of control procedures by optimizing the depth control, compliance of them guarantees the set quality level REE at the lowest total production and maintenance costs. For such tasks realization methods of modeling procedure, optimization techniques have been proposed. Appropriate software, which has been used for solving a number of practical problems has been developed. One of the mentioned approach deficiency is the fact that received optimal values of depth control can not always use in practice. In most cases, these values have been found as a result of a purely mathematical solution of optimization task and thus received optimal values of depth control is not always possible to implement in conditions of real production.
The aim of this work is the development of a universal method of optimization that uses the principles of Pareto optimization and is as close to the real production conditions, including taking into account the possible configurations of used technological and control equipment, requirements for quality and reliability of products in general.
Proposed method involves the use of optimization Pareto-regions for solving problems of optimization processes (TP) which can be considered as modification of Pareto. Idea of the method is as follows: for creation Pareto-region a detailed analysis of all possible variants of TP with the fixation sets of technologies and control equipment and calculation of depth control values for all these variants of TP has been performed. Based on this, the research protocol of TP’s selected values in the form of depth control parameter sets. Next, using the developed methods and software, the evaluation of integral index of products quality in the form of the probability of formation output defectiveness and total costs, that are further displayed on the corresponding Pareto-region as a point has been estimated. By asking permitted defectiveness levels and total costs you can select those options of TP implementation, which guarantee the specified quality level of REE at acceptable cost levels. The typical optimization problems which take place in a real production has been examined in details.
Key words: technological processes of radio electronic equipment production, multi-objective optimization, Pareto-region.

Пропонується метод оптимізації технологічних процесів виготовлення радіоелектронної апаратури, який базується на використанні оптимізаційних Парето-областей. Метод є універсальний, не містить обмежень на складність процесів і дозволяє встановлювати варіанти технологічних процесів, які відповідають умовам забезпечення заданого рівня дефектності виробів при допустимих витратах.
Ключові слова: технологічні процеси виготовлення РЕА, багатопараметрична оптимізація, Парето-область.

Кількість посилань 7

УДК 621.315.592; 539.143.44
В.О. Хандожко, А.П. Саміла, Л.Ф. Політанський
Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича
ПОРІВНЯННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ ДЕТЕКТУВАННЯ ЯКР МЕТОДАМИ НЕПЕРЕРВНОГО ТА ІМПУЛЬСНОГО СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ
© Хандожко В.О., Саміла А.П., Політанський Л.Ф., 2014

V.O. Khandozhko, A.P. Samila, L.F. Politansky
Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University
COMPARISON RESULTS OF SENSING NQR USING CONTINUOUS WAVE AND PULSED NQR – FFT SPECTROMETERS
© Khandozhko V.O., Samila A.P., Politansky L.F., 2014

Traditional continuous wave methods of observation of NMR and NQR is now almost completely superseded by pulse Fourier transform spectroscopy. Compared with the method of continuous frequency scanning, pulse Fourier transform spectroscopy has advantages, which consists in a high sensitivity, increased spectrum resolution, much less distortion of the lines shape. In addition, pulse spectroscopy provides a reduction in the time of observation compared with stationary methods.
The aim of the paper is to determine the effectiveness of assessment of output materials for photoelectronics by NQR hardware methods.
The comparison of the NQR spectra obtained by the method of continuous passage of the resonance lines and the pulse method with a fast Fourier transformation are performed in this paper. Research was done both on the nitrogen containing substance and the annealed GaSe and InSe crystals important for heterostructures production. Resonance of nitrogen 14N nuclei is in the low-frequency region (100 kHz – 5 MHz) and has a weak intensity, caused by small value of the quantum transitions energy. Obtained results indicate a higher resolution of NQR pulse spectroscopy in comparison with continuous spectroscopy.
Based on these experimental results it can be concluded that the same signal / noise ratio, methods of continuous frequency scanning and pulsed excitation provide identical results, but the shapes of resonance lines obtained using these methods are different.
In the pulse method there is a simultaneous response of all resonant transitions, i.e. it is recorded that response of nuclear induction over which the Fourier transform is made. In case of stationary technique – slow passage of resonance while maintaining a quasi-equilibrium nuclear spin excitation conditions is made at a single frequency. This leads to a decrease in the spectrometer sensitivity, so that the registration process is much longer. Application of NQR pulse method of fast Fourier transform for the study of layered semiconductors is more appropriate than the stationary method based on continuous frequency scanning in resonance area. Pulse method provides better spectra resolution, and also enables to determine a time of nuclear spin relaxation.
It was found that in both cases the spectra with the same values of the signal / noise ratio can be obtained, while in the pulse method the time of spectra determination is for an order of magnitude smaller compared with the method of continuous passage.
Key words: NQR spectra, nitrogen compounds, layered semiconductors, Fourier transform

Порівняно спектри ЯКР, отримані методами неперервного проходження резонансних ліній та імпульсного зі швидким Фур’є-перетворенням. Встановлено, що в обох випадках можна отримати спектри з однаковими значеннями сигнал / шум, при цьому в імпульсному методі час реєстрації спектрів є на порядок меншим порівняно з методом неперервного проходження. Крім того, застосування імпульсного методу забезпечує кращу роздільну здатність в спектрі у разі неспотвореної форми резонансних ліній, що є важливим під час дослідження шаруватих напівпровідникових матеріалів, резонансні спектри яких є складними і займають широкий частотний діапазон.
Ключові слова: спектри ЯКР, сполуки азоту, шаруваті напівпровідники, Фур’є-перетворення

Кількість посилань 10

УДК 621.372.061
Ю.І. Шаповалов, Д.Р. Бачик, С.В. Маньковський
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
CИСТЕМА MAOPCs ДЛЯ БАГАТОВАРІАНТНОГО АНАЛІЗУ ТА ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЛІНІЙНИХ ПАРАМЕТРИЧНИХ КІЛ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ MATLAB
© Шаповалов Ю.І., Бачик Д.Р., Маньковський С.В., 2014
Yu.I. Shapovalov, D.R. Bachyk, S.V. Mankovskyy
Lviv Polytechnic National University
THE SYSTEM MAOPCs FOR THE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF LINEAR PARAMETRIC CIRCUITS AT THE ENVIROMENT OF MATLAB
© Shapovalov Yu.I., Bachyk D.R., Mankovskуy S.V., 2014

This paper considers the software realization the system of functions MAOPCs (Multivariate Analysis and Optimization of the Parametric Circuits) for multivariate analysis and optimization of linear parametric circuits based on frequency symbolic method. This method is based on the formation of the approximated transfer functions of linear parametric circuits in the form of Fourier trigonometric polynomials. The use of symbolic transfer functions allowed to form functions of sensitivity of linear parametric circuits, which, in turn, allowed to calculate the relative deviations of functions of linear parametric circuits at change of their parameters. The further development of frequency symbolic methods allowed to solve the task of multivariate analysis and optimization.
The system of functions MAOPCs realized in the environment of MATLAB. The presence of powerful mathematical symbolic apparatus in MATLAB allowed to realize this system. The system MAOPCs represents a 17 functions, each of which has parameters (input data) and arguments and performs over them defined the conversions. The results obtained during the execution of one function (in some cases of several functions) can be parameters to other functions. Thus, based on of the developed system of functions the user can create algorithms and programs of computer computational experiments for multivariate analysis and optimization of parametric circuit, which we investigate.
For research of linear parametric circuits in the environment of MATLAB, using a system MAOPCs, need perform the system requirements. They are consist in the fact that, necessary to create the file with text of program of research of circuit , where indicate: parameters that carry information about the circuit, accuracy of calculations, location to save the results, the parameters of functions, functions MAOPCs in the sequence that corresponds to the algorithm of carrying out of investigation. After it is necessary execute the file in the environment of MATLAB. Research results are saved in another file. These results together with the intermediate data we can view using MATLAB, which will be displayed in working window.
The example of research of single-circuit parametric amplifier using the system of functions MAOPCs is presented. In the task on research are described an algorithm of carrying out of experiment. The fragments (screenshots) of file, where describes the parameters and algorithm research are presented and fragment (screenshot) with reflection of results in working window of MATLAB also is presented.
Conclusions are drawn about what system functions MAOPCs allows you to:
– compose an algorithm and a program of carrying out of computational experiments of research of linear parametric circuits without delving into the depths of mathematical apparatus of the realized methods and using the powerful symbolic apparatus and other internal functions in MATLAB in full;
– locate functions in any order and replenish her new functions.
Key words: linear parametric circuits, multivariate analysis, frequency symbolic method, MATLAB.

Розглянуто програмну реалізацію системи функцій MAOPCs для багатоваріант¬ного аналізу та оптимізації лінійних параметричних кіл на основі частотного символьного методу.
Ключові слова: лінійні параметричні кола, багатоваріантний аналіз, частотний символьний метод, MATLAB.

Кількість посилань 3