IN SEARCH FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE AUTHENTICITY DEFINITION: HISTORY AND CURRENT ISSUES

Salvijus Kulevičius
Vilnius University, Faculty of History

 Salvijus Kulevičius, 2014

Аутентичность – один из фундаментальных элементов культурного наследия, показывающих или призванных показать, что культурное наследие является несомненно подлинным, что оно может репрезентировать “истинное” прошлое, воплотить “достоверные” факты и т.п. В европейской концепции охраны культурного наследия представлены две противоположные парадигмы аутентичности: исторической материи и исторического образа. Они по-разному трактуют сущность аутентичности культурного наследия (первая парадигма воплощает ее в исторической материи, уникальной и не подлежащей воссозданию; вторая – в историческом образе, который может быть реконструирован) и обращения с ним (первая парадигма предполагает в идеале консервацию объектов; для второй являются приемлемыми и восстановление, метод аналогий и т.п.). В настоящее время официальной считается парадигма исторической материи, хотя на практике очень распространена и парадигма исторического образа.
До последнего десятилетия XX века наибольшее влияние на международную политику в сфере охраны культурного наследия также оказывала парадигма исторической материи, которую стремятся закрепить в качестве универсальной концепции. Примечательно, что на практике существовало большое количество концепций аутентичности, не нашедших отражения в навязываемой концепции. Конфликт между желаемым и применяемым завершился отказом от универсалистской парадигмы и ее заменой релятивистской концепцией охраны культурного наследия, существенным принципом которой является признание того, что существует не одна точка зрения в вопросах охраны культурного наследия, а много точек зрения, в равной мере правомерных и положительных.
В статье представлен анализ истоков, контекста и последствий данного конфликта, а также развития и тенденций понимания аутентичности культурного наследия.The European Tradition: Two Paradigms

Література – 14

УДК 37:93/94-057.875

ІСТОРИЧНИЙ МУЗЕЙ ЯК ЧИННИК ПРИМИРЕННЯ ТА СУСПІЛЬНОГО ДІАЛОГУ

П.В. Вербицька
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Вербицька П.В., 2014

Висвітлено актуальну проблему – з’ясування потенціалу історичного музею у подоланні конфлікту історичної пам’яті, що дестабілізує сучасне українське суспільство та перешкоджає його інтеграції та консолідації. Враховуючи те, що минуле й надалі є предметом політичних маніпуляцій та засобом суспільної дезінтеграції в Україні, суспільне порозуміння та примирення щодо суперечливих і вразливих сторінок історичної пам’яті є важливим завданням історичного музею.

Taking into account the fact, that the past continues to be the subject of political manipulations and means of social disintegration, an important task of a historical museum is social understanding and reconciliation regarding the controversial and sensitive pages of historical memory.
In the research on historical memory it has been established that manipulation of reminiscences and memory became a most powerful tool in managing of individual and social consciousness. Conflicts of historical memory in a society are always dangerous because they threaten with destabilization, disintegration. The most controversial problems of collective memory of the Ukrainian people and their neighbors relate to history of the XX century, especially the World War II and its manipulations causes a deeper social conflict, destabilizes social situation. Thus, this article is aimed at finding out the potential of a historical museum in overcoming the conflict in historical memory which is a factor of destabilization in modern Ukrainian society interfering with its integration and democratic development.
In the basis of modern understanding of a historical museum, researchers formulate a new vision of museum communication aiming at overcoming cultural and historical distance, establishing connections between the past, present and future, which leads to the revision of the museum work’s traditional structure. The museum can not be limited solely to passing scientific knowledge to its visitors. It is also necessary to consider motives and emotional requirements of the audience. By selecting the exhibits, extracting them from their cultural-historical environment, preserving and systematizing them, a museum becomes a specific channel of cultural-historical communication, a carrier of historical memory.
The analysis of the controversial and sensitive issues in the process of familiarization with museum exhibition provides the personality with the necessary skills for constructive interaction in society. Accordingly, in modern socio-cultural conditions the application of multi-perspective approach is important in the process of shaping the historical exhibition content. The important condition is the usage of multi-perspectivity in a context of a historical exibit, which foresees the consideration of certain historical problem from different points of view.
In such conditions a historical exibition can help with providing opportunities for the people to explore the ways of how the past has helped to shape various identities, common cultures, values and to form individual tolerance to diversity.
The vision of the museum as a social and cultural institution in modern conditions is complemented by understanding of its active role in social and cultural development of community. Exhibitions and other museum activities can become a tool for better understanding of today’s world and meet the needs of people at present.

Література – 10

УДК 94(477)

ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ВІКТИМНОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ ГОЛОДОМОРУ 1932–1933 РОКІВ В ІСТОРИЧНІЙ ПАМ’ЯТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАРОДУ

В.М. Гнатюк
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Гнатюк В.М., 2014

Розглянуто специфіку образу Голодомору 1932–1933 років у історичній пам’яті українського народу. Стверджується, що цей образ є переважно віктимним, що зумовлено особливостями дотеперішнього дискурсу у вітчизняній науковій і публіцистичній літературі та в суспільстві загалом. Такий стан речей автор вважає небезпечним для розвитку української нації та держави, оскільки віктимність є демотиваційним чинником, породжує фаталізм, пасивність, зневіру. Автор наголошує на потребі корегувати цей образ Голодомору в історичній пам’яті, шукати певний позитив, який нейтралізував би віктимність і мотивував би українців на впевненість у собі, віру в свої сили. Такі позитивні моменти автор вбачає у фактах героїчного опору комуністичній владі, а також у фактах альтруїзму, жертовності заради порятунку інших, у прагненні побудувати в Україні демократичне суспільство загального добробуту.

In the article the specification of the image of the Holodomor in the historical memory of the Ukrainian people is concerned. The conclusion is drawn, that this image has mostly victim character. It happened because a lot of people were exterminated during a very shot period and nobody was accused for that crime. The modern discourse of Ukrainian scientists stimulates that feeling because of its concentration on the suffering of victims and negative consequences of the Holodomor for the further history of the Ukrainian people.
Thatconsciousness of self as a victimby a big part of Ukrainians during the period of Holodomorand dozens of years after it under the dictatorial communist regime is very dangerous for the mentality of their moderndescendants, because that feeling can bear the negative feelings of passivity and fatality. But it’s not aloud, that the information about the Holodomor could create inside of our contemporaries the feeling of danger, make them afraid of the state power. Now a lot of Ukrainians have these feelings also every fifth Ukrainian is afraid of repeating of the famine.The Ukrainians need the positive feelings of optimism, faith on their own forces, their capability to create a good future for their children. They need a discourse that could create a feeling of dignity. The author tries to find some positive facts in the Holodomor history, that can motivate the modern Ukrainians for building of the welfare society. Those are the facts of heroism of the Ukrainians fighting the communist system during 1929–1933 years, especially the murders of communist activists, the facts of altruism and successful building of high-developed state.
It is necessary to form the strong thinking about legitimacy of the state power that kill its people, make them die because of famine. Such a power could be changed without any doubt. Everybody has a right to fight such a regime and to change it.

Література – 8

УДК [904:666.11.053]:069.51(477.8)

ДО ПИТАННЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ МУЗЕЙНИХ ЗБІРОК ГУТНОГО СКЛА

Ю.М. Курдина
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Курдина Ю. М., 2014

Звернено увагу на збірку скляних речей, яка виявлена у Підгірцях та зберігається у Історико-краєзнавчому музеї м. Винник, а також на гутні вироби з Історико-краєзнавчого музею м. Володимир-Волинського. Подано опис скляних речей, на основі чого прокласифіковано гутні вироби.

Real monuments found during archaeological research, do not often get adequate coverage in the scientific literature. Usually this is due to the priority research areas. The researchers usually refer to their findings only while enumerating the material, and focus their attention on other aspects. This situation is typical for blown products. Therefore, there is a necessary task of studying blown glass complexes located in the museums which were not the subject of a separate research study.
Special attention in the article is focused on the collection of glass wares, which was found in Pidhirtsi and is stored in the Historical Museum of Wynnyky, and blown glass products from the Historical Museum of Volodymyr-Volynskyi. Findings from Pidhirtsi were found during excavations on the territory of Pidhirci Monastery of St. Basil the Great while Volodymyr-Volynskyi glass comes from surveys as well as from chance finds in the city and its environs.
Glass products in the above mentioned museums are various bottles, glasses, pharmacy utensils, etc. Based on additional literature, the study of museum collections allows a provisional classification of blown products on the functional-typological principle: vessels for storing liquids and bulk materials, vessels for drinking, pharmacy utensils; window glass; figured glass; other glass products.
Continued study of similar museum collections will allow this classification to be concretized. At the same time, specifying the number, the parameters and the shape of glass products, their finishes and finding similarities will allow to determine the level of blown glass industry development in general and blown glass craftsmanship in particular.

Література – 16

УДК 719.327

ІСТОРИКО-КУЛЬТУРНА СПАДЩИНА УКРАЇНИ У ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНОМУ ДІАЛОЗІ

Л.С. Матлай
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

 Матлай Л.С., 2014

Уточнено понятійно-категоріальний апарат із проблематики дослідження. Проаналізовано історичні аспекти становлення європейської цивілізації та культурної спадщини. Досліджено роль культурної дипломатії у вираженні національної ідентичності. Підкреслено важливість постійного та взаємного діалогу національних культур для політичного, економічного та культурного зближення народів Європи та світу. Розглянуто діяльність України щодо оновлення Списку світової спадщини ЮНЕСКО.

The article clarifies the conceptual apparatus of the study. The historical aspects of the formation of European civilization and cultural heritage have been analyzed. The role of cultural diplomacy in terms of national identity has been described. The importance of continuous dialogue and mutual national culture for the political, economic and cultural rapprochement between the peoples of Europe and the world were emphasized. The activity of Ukraine by updating the List of World historical and cultural heritage was examined.
Definition of “the cultural heritage” makes it an article 1 of Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972 р.): monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.
Ukraine is inseparable part of European civilization with its past, as well as with its present, by assuming its commitment to establishment of democracy. Ukraine has a rich historical and cultural heritage. Cultural heritage was created by past generations material and spiritual values that are a part of the national wealth that is important for the preservation and development of the identity of nation.In the List of world historical and cultural heritage of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 12 December 1990 were included two well -known attractions - Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral with an ensemble of the monastery buildings and the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Today in the List of UNESCO are Sophia Cathedral complex of monastic buildings; Kiev-Pechersk Lavra; L’viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre; the Residence of the metropolitans of Bukovina and Dalmatia (Chernivtsi); cross-border facility - Struve Geodetic Arc, passing through the territory of 10 European countries. In Ukraine nowadays made additional proposals prior to the World Heritage List, including: Bakhchisaray Khan palace, reserve “Askaniya Nova” and “Chersonese Tavriyskyy”; cultural landscape and canyon in Kamenetz- Podilskyj, the historical center of Chernihova, park “Sofiyivka”; Taras Shevchenko Tomb and State Historical and Natural Museum – Reserve. The Lviv Region, which ranks second, out of 24 regions in Ukraine, in terms of the quantity of heritage sites on its territory. The Lviv Region boasts 8,441 cultural sights, including 816 sites of national significance.
Today, the state has to preserve Ukrainian identity through culture, to form and consolidate a civil nation, to retain Ukrainian cultural diversity, to develop Ukrainian cultural industries and to promote Ukraine in the wider world.

Література – 9

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ ПАРАМІЛІТАРНОГО РУХУ У ГАЛИЧИНІ (НАПРИКІНЦІ XIX – НА ПОЧАТКУ XX ст.)

А.Я. Нагірняк
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний Університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Нагірняк А.Я., 2014

Висвітлені основні здобутки формування української історичної спадщини з проблеми еволюції парамілітарних рухів Галичини кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. в українські військові з’єднання.

The paper highlights the main achievements of Ukrainian historiographical heritage from the point of view of the evolution of Galicia paramilitary movements of the late XIX – early XX century, the Ukrainian military units.
The article highlights and analyzes the main stages of the study: 1) works of researchers of the interwar period in Western Ukraine and the diaspora historians, who laid the conceptual foundations of informative study of the entire Ukrainian national movement and political history and the history of Cossack riflemen paramilitary companies in particular; 2) The work of historians of the Soviet period; 3) The studies of Ukrainian historians who appeared in the late 80’s – early 90’s of XX century during the collapse of the Soviet Union when the history of paramilitary organizations was treated as a “white spot” and in terms of the existing Soviet system was forbidden to write about; 4) The works of historians of the period of independent Ukrainian were based on democratic methodological principles.
Particular attention is drawn to the memorable leaflets, which were published in Western Ukraine, Canada and the U.S., which form two groups of works of civil and political activists ZUNR. Of the greatest importance to historians is the work of ZUNR leader K. Levytskyi who investigated the problems of national revival in the late XIX – early XX century and activities of socio-political organizations and paramilitary associations. The importance of the historical-journalistic publications, which mainly took the form of leaflet memories in the 20’s of the twentieth century was also emphasized. The role of contemporary Ukrainian newspapers, including significant place, which is occupied by the military – historical illustrated magazine “Chervona Kalyna Chronicles”, which came out in Lviv in 1929–1939 s. A lot of leaflet memories and biographies of participants liberation struggle 1914–1923 were published there.

Література – 37

УДК 911.5/930.2

ЗАМОК У ВИШНІВЦІ: ІСТОРІЯ ВИНИКНЕННЯ, СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА ЛОКАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Р. В. Підставка
Національний заповідник “Замки Тернопілля”

 Підставка Р.В., 2014

Проведено історіографічний аналіз стосовно дослідження замку у містечку Вишнівець Тернопільської області. На основі документальних джерел узагальнено інформацію про виникнення, трансформацію та локалізацію оборонних споруд Вишнівця. Запропоновано гіпотезу стосовно основних історичних періодів розвитку оборонної фортифікації вказаного містечка протягом ХV–ХVІІ ст.

The National Reserve “Zamky Ternopilia” 11 ‘includes castles in six districts of Ternopil region. This number includes the relic history and culture of national importance - the palace and park complex in the village VyshnivetsZbarazh district, Ternopil region. Analyzed articles historiography materials relating exclusively to Vyshnivets castle palace, built in the middle of the XVIII century on the site of the old castle. We tasked to explore the history of the origin, development, modernization and the decline of the castle during the XV-VII centuries. Set the founders and owners of the castle and their contribution to its development. By this time, there is a discussion regarding the first record of the town Vyshnivets and its founder. Addressing this issue will help to answer a very important question – the actual time of the founding of the city, known from documents (as comprehensive archaeological investigations were not carried out).
In the article the historiography analysis regarding research Vyshnivets castle in the town of Ternopil region. Based on documentary sources summarized information about the origin transformation and localization defensive structures Vyshnivets. Studied and systematized volume cartographic material concerning Southeast Volynia in general and in particular neighborhoods and Vyshnivets. Shows the number of the latest historiographical papers and articles which denies the possibility of establishing a settlement VyshnivetsKorybut (Dymitr) – son of Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas and causes of tribal legends. These studies push back the first written mention of the end of the XIV century – until the middle of the fifteenth century. The hypothesis regarding major historical periods of military fortifications specified within the town XV–XVII centuries.

Література – 29

УДК [725.31:719:72.01](477.83/86) “1860/1939”

КОМПОЗИЦІЙНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ МАЛИХ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИХ ВОКЗАЛІВ ГАЛИЧИНИ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТЬ

Ю.А. Рочняк
Інститут архітектури
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Рочняк Ю.А., 2014

Виявлено головні композиційні ознаки низки малих залізничних вокзалів ХІХ – поч. ХХ-го століть сучасної Галичини, сформульовані стилістичні типи, розташування в краю.

Small railway station buildings of modern Galicia (Halytchyna) built in 19th – at the beginning of 20th century and located within the boundaries of Lviv, Ternopil, and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of Ukraine comprise the majority of the existing railway station buildings. They have a pronounced composition and style, and form an important heritage of civil architecture, requiring deep research, protection and adaption to the needs of nowadays.
We found out common features in the location of railway stations with respect to tracks, organization of the adjacent territory of these buildings, as well as dominant transversal and prevailing longitudinal symmetry of these buildings. The paper outlines main compositional and stylistic types of small railway station buildings: Round-arc type (stations Stare Selo, Kolomyia, Zabolotiv), Rustic-roof type (stations Sykhiv, Mykulytchyn, Vorokhta, Hrebeniv, Tukhla, Yasenytsia, Turka, Kopytchyntsi, Terebovlia, Zhydatchiv, Rohatyn etc.), Podillia type (stations Vyhnanka, Bila-Tchortkivska, Yahilnytsia, Tovste, Borshtchiv, Ivane-Puste), Sambir type (stations Komarno, Rudky, Staryi Sambir, Strilky), Mostyska type (stations Mshana, Sudova Vyshnia, Mostyska-I, Khyriv), Rava type (stations Kulykiv, Zashkiv, Hlynske, Dobrosyn), Pavilion-like type (stations Bovshiv, Bortnyky). Location of these types by the name of the locality or direction of tracks makes them especially important from the point of view of the identity of regions. Attention is paid to the scattering of Rustic-roof type and peculiar penetration of Round-arc (stations Luzhany, Hlyboka-Bukovynska, Vadul-Siret, Sutchava/Suceava Nord) and Podillia types (stations Vyzhnytsia/Wiżnitz, Stefaneshty/Stefaneşti) in Bucovina (Bukovyna).
Initially build in the form of a dwelling house, small railway station buildings evolved into an independent architectural type and are similar to analogous buildings of Danube Monarchy and other countries of the Central Europe. A part of the objects is in bad condition, some of them have been drastically degrading recently (stations Hlibovytchi, Dilatyn, Tatariv). Their protection is not possible without professional reasoning, public activity, and political will.

Література – 15

УДК 902(477.83)

АРХЕОЛОГІЧНІ МАТЕРІАЛИ ЯРОСЛАВА ПАСТЕРНАКА У МУЗЕЙНИХ КОЛЕКЦІЯХ

C.В. Терський, Б.А. Омельчук
Інститут гуманітарних і соціальних наук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”

© Терський C.В., Омельчук Б.А., 2014

Проаналізовано історію археологічних знахідок, здобутих дослідженнями відомого українського археолога Ярослава Пастернака, насамперед під час розкопок у княжих столицях ¬Галичі, Звенигороді, Теребовлі, Белзі, Пліснеську. Обґрунтовано висновки про важливу роль цих матеріалів на початковому етапі формування археологічних фондових колекцій великих музеїв Львова.

This article analyzes the fate of archaeological findings obtained in research famous Ukrainian archaeologist Jaroslav Pasternak, especially during excavations in the princely capitals of Galicia, Zvenigorod, Terebovlia, Belz, Plisnesk. Scientists do not have time to properly organize and explore gathered during the excavation finds. Full reports on the excavations J. Pasternak been published (perhaps they are part of the collection at Harvard University, USA). The main beneficiaries of the findings of field expeditions J. Pasternak were Ukrainian National Museum in Lviv Museum of Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society. From the first museum J. Pasternak worked since 1913, he was director of another for 1929–1939 biennium As a teacher of the Theological Academy in Lviv, some of their findings J. Pasternak also kept in the museum of the institution.
1940 most of the archaeological collections of J. Pasternak was in the collections of the Lviv History Museum. Due to large volumes of work with a lot of new replenishment on time were not taken into account, and as a result, lost to science. For example, only in 1942 was accounted most of the collection from the excavations of 1940 Plisnesk (including ceramics). For a bulk sample collection was usual inventory of archaeological finds. Thus, in the main book revenues fell primarily NTSh museum called individual findings - tools, ornaments, etc. Attention is drawn to the almost complete absence of pottery among then finds from excavations Krylos. The majority of the finds of excavations in Krylos J. Pasternak (1934–1940 years) had been registered only in 1945. This is evident also in case of collections of other attractions Middle Ages studied J. Pasternak – Belz, Zvenigorod, multitude and others. The reason for this could be lack of funds to pay for the required number of workers. Big massive collection of artefacts may cumulatively recorded in the book supporting the museum NTSh. Objects from the collections of J. Pasternak’s 1944 hit list exported to Germany. Substantiated opinion on the important role of these materials in the initial stage of formation of the archaeological collections of major museums stock of the city.

Література – 26