УДК 621.317.3
АНАЛІЗ ГРАНИЧНИХ УМОВ ПРАЦЕЗДАТНОСТІ ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧІВ ІМІТАНСУ НА БАЗІ ОПЕРАЦІЙНИХ ПІДСИЛЮВАЧІВ
© Івах Роман, Хома Володимир, Хома Юрій, Питель Іван, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Показано місце та роль активних вимірювальних перетворювачів імітанс-напруга у структурі частотного аналізатора. Проаналізовано фактори, які обмежують працездатність активних вимірювальних перетворювачів. Наведено формалізовані моделі цих перетворювачів та на їх основі встановлено граничні умови, пов’язані з їх стійкістю.
Ключові слова: імпеданс, адмітанс, операційний підсилювач, математична модель.
Показано место и роль активных измерительных преобразователей иммитанс-напряжение в структуре частотного анализатора. Проанализированы факторы, которые ограничивают работоспособность активных измерительных преобразователей. Приведены формализованные модели этих преобразователей и на их основе установлены предельные условия, связанные с их устойчивостью.
Ключевые слова: сопротивление, адмитанс, операционный усилитель, математическая модель.
Development of specialized portable measurement tools for impedance spectroscopy is quite challenging and up-to-date technical task. Portable impedance analyzers are required to satisfy certain criteria among which the most important are the following: stability of metrological characteristics of measurement channel over a wide frequency range, high dynamics, fast frequency sweep and the probe signal with appropriate step as well as high resolution of impedance/admittance measurement results. Autobalancing circuits are widely used in impedance analyzers design. However, their applications is followed by some problems related to operation stability caused by global feedback loop.
The aim of the paper is to study the stability of the active measurements converter based on autobalancing circuits as well as determining their operation limits.
The article shows the place and role of active measuring converters immitance-voltage in the structure of the frequency analyzer. Formal models of active converters were used to analyses operational limits related to system stability. The main results of research can be summarized as following:
– To determine operating frequency range of the autobalancing circuit can successfully convert impedance to voltage, following rule have been formulated. The upper limit of the frequency range should be taken at least ten times smaller than operational amplifier bandwidth. The lower limit is formally unlimited.
– Circuit operational limits related to system stability depends on relation of operational amplifier bandwidth to closed-loop knee frequency as well as relation of closed-loop knee frequency to operational circuit time constant (product of reference resistor to input capacitance).
– The system is considered to be operating at normal conditions if relation of operational amplifier
output resistance to reference resistance is equal or smaller then one. If the ratio excides this threshold,

УДК 681.7.08; 536.6.081
ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ЦИФРОВИХ ТЕРМОМЕТРИЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ
ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ СОНЯЧНИХ КОЛЕКТОРІВ
© Василиха Христина, Яцук Василь, Здеб Володимир, Яцук Юрій, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Проаналізовано вимоги до метрологічних параметрів цифрових вимірювачів температури та різниці температур для досліджень сонячних колекторів. Подано результати експериментальних досліджень взаємозамінності напівпровідникових перетворювачів температури з метою створення температурних сенсорів. Встановлено, що у цифрових термометричних засобах найдоцільніше використовувати послідовно сполучені транзисторні діоди, у яких можна зменшити значення розкиду спадків напруги та близькі до гранично можливого значення коефіцієнта ідеальності. Розроблено структури цифрових вимірювачів температури та різниці температур і вдосконалено методики коригування їх адитивних і мультиплікативних складових похибки.
Ключові слова: діодний перетворювач температури, цифрові вимірювачі температури і різниці температур, методика калібрування, коефіцієнт ідеальності напівпровідникових сенсорів, сонячний колектор.
Проведен анализ требований к метрологическим параметрам цифровых измерителей температуры и разности температур для исследований солнечных коллекторов. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований взаимозаменяемости полупроводниковых преобразователей температуры с целью создания температурных сенсоров. Установлено, что в цифровых термометрических средствах целесообразно использовать последовательно соединенные транзисторные диоды, при этом можно уменьшить значения разброса падений напряжения и близкие к предельно возможному значения коэффициента идеальности. Разработаны структуры цифровых измерителей температуры и разности температур и усовершенствованы методики корректировки их аддитивных и мультипликативных составляющих погрешности.
Ключевые слова: диодный преобразователь температуры, цифровые измерители температуры
и разности температур, методика калибровки, коэффициент идеальности полупроводниковых сенсоров, солнечный коллектор.
The analysis of requirements for metrological parameters of digital temperature meters and temperature difference meters for solar collectors’ investigations been done in the article. Under the regulations requirements a minimum temperature drop not exceed 1,5 K, and for the maximum relative error of temperature measurement not more ±2% it provide the absolute error of temperature drop measurement near ±0,030 K, and their measurement unit list significant digit 0,01 K. This error value of temperature drop measurement can be achieved if it makes a temperature sensor calibration in the precision thermostat or rigorous recruiting of sensors pairs.
The experimental research of the transistor diodes interchangeability to create precise, stable and low cost temperature sensors is carried out also. It showed that transistor diodes should be given preference, which fabricated in the same technological cycle especially as SMD transistors. The theoretical assumption about the initial voltage spread reduction of the SMD transistors compared with traditional volumetric installation transistors is experimentally confirmed. The spread values were reduction from ±5 K for volumetric installation to ±0,3 K for SMD transistors. For further spread reduction of the forward bias diode voltage it proposed connect transistors in series, which additionally allowed increase their sensitivity. The temperature sensor prototype as series-connected transistors are mounted on printed circuit boards and sealed (placed in thermocontractable tube with the screened leads) to prevent water ingress. The entire experimental setup was placed in a passive water-zero thermostat to ensure the minimum values of the temperature gradients among the several sensors.
Among the several mass-produced investigated type transistors, it was selected two transistors type BCW61C and BC849C, which should be the lowest values of the voltage drop spread ±457 µV (±0,22 К) and ±406 µV (±0,20 К) accordingly. While design this enables the provision of measuring temperature drop standard deviation of five series connected diodes not exceed with a simultaneous increase the temperature and temperature drop measurement sensitivity to 10 mV/K.
While the digital thermometers design it very important are the ideality factor and the base resistance of the diodes-transistors, which their means are determined from the proposed equations. On the experimental data basis the transistors type BCW61C and ВС849С ideality factors was calculated η=1,18380 and η=1,00048 respectively, and their base resistance amounted near 50 Ohm which corresponds to practical recommendations for the selection transistors as temperature sensors.
The structures of digital temperature and difference temperature meters were developed too. The methods of adjusting their additive and multiplicative error components are improved. The digital temperature meter structure contains the current-defining generator, current resistor, several standard resistors, voltage reference, ADC and device controller. The digital thermometer transform function was set, which allowed establish the metrological requirements for its constituent elements. It shown that designed scheme should be used amendments method in order to set the precision thermometer requirements while the relaxed instrumental error their components requirements. The digital meter of temperature difference can be built on the basis of series-connected diode sensors that provide high accuracy, sensitivity, resolution and performance, especially when used in the radiometer with electrical substitution. Two possible methods of digital thermometer introducing amendments in the analog and digital forms is described. It also showed their strengths and weaknesses and advised to use tuning in digital form.
Structure of designed digital temperature difference meters is based on the ADC implementation with differential inputs, which it both signal exits was connected to the both current generators outputs. The ADC reference voltage formed by the precise resistive voltage divider. In the manufacturing process it can be adjusted as mentioned additive and multiplicative error components by using two temperature points. Adjustments additive error component generally convenient to carry an arbitrary temperature, for example, equal to ambient temperature. And to adjust the multiplicative error component it advisable to use a standard thermometer and further the conversion factor changing by any of the conversion path scale elements. If ten semiconductor temperature sensors implement it significantly reduced requirements for sensitivity threshold of second devise transformative elements because LSB units 0,001 K complies the input voltage 10 µV, that is much higher than the sensitivity threshold of modern scale elements.
Except proved the feasibility of the proposed temperature sensors in designed digital meter temperature and the temperature difference, they should be applied in other areas such as food processing industry and individual heating counters, namely accounting of consumed heat by individual consumers.
Key words: diode converter temperature, digital meter temperature and the temperature difference, calibration method, ideality factor of semiconductor sensors, solar collector.
Література – 22.

УДК 620.179.14.05
НАКЛАДНИЙ ІНДУКТИВНИЙ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧ
ДЛЯ МАГНІТНОЇ ДЕФЕКТОМЕТРІЇ
© Дейнека Ростислав, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра приладів точної механіки,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Сутність електромагнітних методів неруйнівного контролю феромагнетиків полягає у виявленні магнітного поля, що виступає над внутрішніми і підповерхневими дефектами. Для виявлення такого локального поля запропоновано новий варіант накладного давача у вигляді індуктивного елемента на тороїдальному осерді
з додатковими магнітопроводами. Цей давач має просту конструкцію, його висока чутливість підтверджена експериментально. Такий давач може використовуватись для контролю зварних з’єднань запропонованим методом, що ґрунтується на вимірюванні магнітного опору ділянки зварювання.
Ключові слова: неруйнівний контроль, внутрішні дефекти, накладний давач, магнітний опір.
Сущность электромагнитных методов неразрушающего контроля ферромагнетиков состоит в выявлении магнитного поля, выступающего над внутренними и подповерхностными дефектами. Для выявления локального магнитного поля предложен новый вариант накладного датчика в виде индуктивного элемента на тороидальном сердечнике с дополнительными магнитопроводами. Этот датчик имеет простую конструкцию и высокую чувствительность, подтвержденную экспериментально. Такой датчик может использоваться для контроля сварных соединений предложенным методом, основанным на измерении магнитного сопротивления участка сварки.
Ключевые слова: неразрушающий контроль, внутренние дефекты, накладной датчик, магнитное сопротивление.
The essence of electromagnetic methods of nondestructive ferromagnets testing consists in identifying the lines of ledge of the external magnetization constant magnetic field that is scattered on interior and subsurface defects. Existing electromagnetic methods differ only by ways of local magnetic inhomogeneity detections.
For detecting the local magnetic field the new variant of the plated sensor for nondestructive testing of ferromagnetic materials in the form of an inductive element on a toroidal core with magnetoconductive elements was proposed. The sinusoidal audio frequency voltage from the generator with amplitude at which the core material begins to enter into the saturation stage is supplied in winding. The magnetic field of an internal defect straying through internal lining magneto conductive linings sub magnetizes the ferrite core, and is summed up with the field from the generator, that is leading to saturation of the core coil, losses the inductance and increase current in the coil. To measure the saturation current series with the winding turns on the low resistor, which voltage is measured, and it determines the size of the defect. Inductive sensor has a simple design and high sensitivity (output voltage increase more than 5 times), confirming by the experimental investigation of its model.
The proposed sensor is insensitive to the presence of extraneous ferromagnetic objects, and only responds to a magnetic field and can be used for monitoring welds of steel elements by measuring the magnetic resistance of some consecutive areas of the consistent weld in the transverse direction. The magnetic resistance value of the weld at most depends on the presence of cracks, cavities, pores and other non-magnetic inclusions having negatively affect on the strength of the connection.
The magneto motive force determination in the control area is carried by means of the inductive magnetic field sensor. The internal high magnetic resistance of the sensor is much larger than its poles contact resistance and resistance of the defect area, and therefore does not affect on its stray field. It does not matter how the intensity of the ledge field in the section of the seam changes because the welding defect has increased magnetic resistance and the quality of welding is defined by the range of this resistance
The magnetic flux of the applied field to determine the magnetic resistance control areas is measured by means
of an optional magnetic flux sensor installed in one of the pole pieces of the magnetized device. Since the pole piece
has a constant value of the magnetic resistance, the output voltage of the additional sensor further will depend
on the magnitude of the magnetic flux of the magnetized device. This means that irregularities of detail surfaces will be taken into account in determining the magnetic resistance of the defect area.
Key words: nondestructive testing, internal defects, overhead sensor, magnetic resistance.
Література – 5.

УДК 621.317
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МЕТОДУ СЕРІЙ ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ
ВЗАЄМНОЇ КОРЕЛЯЦІЇ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ
© Дорожовець Михайло, Никипанчук Олена, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій, вул. С. Бандери 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Запропоновано метод обчислення автокореляції, а також ефективної кількості спостережень. Для генерування корельованих спостережень використовується метод рухомого середнього. За допомогою методу серій можливе спрощене обчислення ефективної кількості спостережень для визначення стандартної непевності середнього значення корельованих спостережень.
Ключові слова: спостереження, кореляція, непевність, метод серій, ефективне число.
Предложен метод вычисления автокорреляции, а также эффективного числа наблюдений. Для генерирования коррелированных наблюдений используется метод подвижного среднего. С помощью метода серий возможно упрощенное вычисление эффективного числа наблюдений для определения стандартной неопределенности среднего значения коррелированных наблюдений.
Ключевые слова: наблюдение, корреляция, неопределенность, метод серий, эффективное число.
When processing the results of measurements big role important presence of correlation values. To find the standard uncertainty need to know the effective number of uncorrelated observations. No correlation can consider could lead to incorrect evaluation of the standard uncertainty of the mean.
Not always known autocorrelation function monitoring, and evaluation of the autocorrelation function on observations characterized by low accuracy, which can lead to incorrect finding effective number.
There are indirect methods of evaluating the impact assessment on observations correlation standard deviation. This method is recorded sample of N divided into k sub-samples (groups) up to n samples each (N = n • k). Each subsample are partial mean and variance estimation, and find the settings for the entire sample. Then compare the ratio of the variance between groups and within the group. Using the F distribution at a significance level α determined whether the observations are correlated or not. These methods are quite complex and require significant additional computing.
The purpose of research is to study simple method of testing autocorrelation and consideration in calculating the Neff.
The proposed method is based on calculating the number of series. Series is a sequence of observed values equal before which or after which the values observed are another category or no supervision at all. Set the number of series or observation results are correlated or not. To determine whether correlated observations required to determine the median of the sample and calculate the number of deviations from the median values.
Research performed by the Monte Carlo. For research use two types of observations: first – with uncorrelated observations, the second – generated correlated observations, including the method of moving average. To find the index of correlation function used exponential autocorrelation function.
An effective dependence theoretical number and effective number determined by the method episodes from different bias moving average on a constant number of observations.
Based on these studies show that increasing the number of observations (N> 50) to simplify the calculation of the possible number of effective using the method of series. At least 50 the number of observations can be effective calculating numbers with a small bias moving average.To investigate the cross-correlation of observations
of the method is appropriate series and simplifies the calculation of the standard uncertainty.
Key words: monitoring, correlation, uncertainty, series method, the effective number.
Література – 10.

УДК 006.91:543.37.6:615.327
МЕТРОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ВМІСТУ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО ОРГАНІЧНОГО ВУГЛЕЦЮ У МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ ВОДАХ
© Кисилевська Альона1, Коєва Христина1, Тонкус Олексій2, 2016
1 Державна установа “Український науково-дослідний інститут медичної реабілітації та курортології” Міністерства охорони здоров’я України, пров. Лермонтовський, 6, 65014, Одеса, Україна
2Одеський національний політехнічний університет, просп. Шевченка, 1, 65000, Одеса, Україна
Розкрито сутність метрологічного забезпечення визначення органічного вуглецю в мінеральних водах. Проведено аналітичний огляд відомих методів та засобів метрологічного забезпечення визначення загального органічного вуглецю в мінеральних водах. Детально розглянуто конструкцію, технічні вимоги та принцип роботи аналізатора загального органічного вуглецю ТОС-V фірми “Shimadzu”. Виконано розрахунки щодо визначення міжкалібрувальних інтервалів приладу. Окреслено основні переваги методу інфрачервоної спектрометрії. Наведено дані щодо валідації методики, розраховано основні метрологічні характеристики. Побудовано контрольну карту Шухарта.
Ключові слова: метрологічне забезпечення, загальний органічний вуглець, мінеральні води.
Раскрыта сущность метрологического обеспечения определения органического углерода в минеральных водах. Проведен аналитический обзор известных методов и средств метрологического обеспечения определения общего органического углерода в минеральных водах. Детально рассмотрены конструкция, технические требования и принцип работы анализатора общего органического углерода ТОС-V фирмы “Shimadzu”. Выполнены расчеты по определению межкалибровочных интервалов прибора. Определены основные преимущества метода инфракрасной спектрометрии. Приведены данные по валидации методики, рассчитаны основные метрологические характеристики. Построена контрольная карта Шухарта.
Ключевые слова: метрологическое обеспечение, общий органический углерод, минеральные воды.
The studying and standardization of the mineral waters requires mandatory content control of their chemical indexes. Nearby with the dissolve salts there are always exist the organic substances. The mineral waters with high organic substances (Corg, total organic carbon no less than 5,0 mg/l) are used for treating the hepatobiliary system deceases, urinary tracts deceases, and genital and metabolism disturbances. The researches of safety and quality of the mineral waters relate to the area of the state`s metrological control and supervision. The pledge of adequate assessment of the organic substances content is proper metrological provision, the analysis of the reasons that caused an error, the comparison of reliability criteria and accuracy of the analysis methods. Among the number of the methods of measurement the organic substances content in the mineral waters most of which are durable and are not precise are distinguished the  infrared spectrometry method. The methods provides the acid analyzer usage, whose working principle is based on high-temperature catalytic carbon compounds oxidation in the water sample till carbon oxide hereinafter its determination in usage as ultra-red rays detector or flame-ionization detector. There was considered in the article the principle of TOC-V analyzer construction action that belongs to “Shimadzu” company (Japanese). It was calculated calibration interval for this device. According to the calculations of the laboratory, that exploits it, this interval varies in one year.
It was also assessed the validation characteristics of the methods of the total carbon determination with the infrared spectrometry method for the mineral waters by means of the total organic carbon analyzer TOC –V “Shimadzu” company.
It was presented in the article the data on the subject of the methods of measurement total organic carbon validation. The methods validation is necessary for persuasion until the beginning of its usage, that the results, that are got by means of usage of this methods, satisfy the goals that have been established. Besides this, the validation enables to: cut down the quantity of mistakes during the methods usage, detect and correct the methods gaps on the nascent states, optimize and determine the operational characteristics, process and confirm the equation for determine the result, invite other test laboratories, that will be able to escalate the confidence in the methods. The laboratory has to make sure that the methods can be used in the proper way, to achieve the conformity the operational characteristics, that have been established and to get satisfactory results.
In the test laboratory that has been given at the validation of previously mentioned methods is conducted the evaluation of results precision. It was conducted ten similar measurements the index contest (standard sample 200 mg/l), it was also calculated the precision. The standard deflection is 0,56 mg/l, relative – 0, 28 %. The convergence – 1,57. As a control tool of stability the results, the Shuhard`s controlled cards were used. Therefore, the determination of organic carbon in the mineral waters is an integral part of their quality monitoring. There was disclosed in the article the sense of metrological provision for identifying the organic carbon in the mineral waters and it was evaluated the validation characteristics of the determinative methods of the total organic carbon by the infrared spectrometry method for the mineral waters by the means of TOC-V analyzer that belongs to “Shimadzu” company. The validate researches that have been conducted, showed that the methods is characterized as a rather selective, repeatable and precise and may be recommended for using in any test laboratory, which conducts the researches to determine the organic substances consent in the mineral waters.
Кey words: metrological support, total organic carbon, mineral waters.
Література – 27.

УДК 536.532
КОРЕКЦІЯ ПОХИБОК ДРЕЙФУ ТА НАБУТОЇ НЕОДНОРІДНОСТІ
У ТЕРМОЕЛЕКТРИЧНОМУ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧІ З КЕРОВАНИМ ПРОФІЛЕМ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО ПОЛЯ
© Кочан Орест, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери 28, 79013, Львів, Україна orestvk@gmail.com
Набута термоелектрична неоднорідність термопар та її негативний вплив на похибку вимірювання температури термоелектричними перетворювачами відомі понад століття. Сучасні дослідники вважають її основним джерелом похибки вимірювання температури, а саме явище однозначно негативним. Однак останнім часом запропоновано ефективні методи боротьби з цією похибкою. Розроблено підхід, що дає змогу використати набуту термоелектричну неоднорідність термопар для оцінювання метрологічних характеристик термоелектричних перетворювачів.
Ключові слова: промислове вимірювання температури, термопара, термоелектричний перетворювач, термоелектричний перетворювач з керованим профілем температурного поля, похибка вимірювання температури, термоелектрична неоднорідність.
Приобретенная термоэлектрическая неоднородность термопар и ее негативное влияние на погрешность измерения температуры термоэлектрическими преобразователями известны больше столетия. Современные исследователи считают ее главным источником погрешности измерения температуры, а само явление однозначно негативным. Однако в последнее время предложены эффективные методы борьбы с этой погрешностью. В статье предложен подход, позволяющий использовать приобретённую термоэлектрическую неоднородность термопар для оценки метрологических характеристик термоэлектрических преобразователей.
Ключевые слова: промышленное измерение температуры, термопара, термоэлектрический преобразователь, термоэлектрический преобразователь с управляемым профилем температурного поля, погрешность измерения температуры, термоэлектрическая неоднородность.
Thermocouples are the most popular sensors of temperature used in measuring praxis for temperatures
in the range 600–2500 ºC, in spite of their drawbacks. The most important among them is their error, which is often too big for many cases in industry and science. The total error of thermocouples is much greater than that of their measurement channels.
The main errors proper for thermocouples are as follows:
1. Considerable initial deviation of their conversion characteristic (CC) from the nominal one. The likely deviation in CC for the most popular type of thermocouples (type K) may reach 5,5 °C at 600 °C and 8 °C at 1100 °C.
2. Considerable drift of CC during operation at high temperatures, that is a change of CC in time. It may vary in the range of 0,5 °C to 10 °C for the mentioned above type K of thermocouples during 1000 hours at 600 °C
or at 1100 °C respectively.
3. Thermoelectric inhomogeneity of thermocouple legs acquired during operation at high temperatures. The error due to inhomogeneity may reach 10 °C when measuring 1100 °C during 1000 hours using type K thermocouples, or even more in some cases.
The error due to acquired inhomogeneity stems from changes in thermocouple legs at high temperatures in time. These changes are caused by the effect of chemical and physical processes (such as oxidation, diffusion, recrystallization etc.) in legs. If a thermocouple is split into imaginative sections, each section operates at its own temperature. That is the reason why, during prolonged operation, CC of each section changes in time in accordance with its particular operating temperature. If the temperature field along the thermocouple legs changes, the temperatures of each section changes correspondingly. Therefore, the error of each section is not constant, so the total error of a thermocouple varies even when the temperatures of the measuring and the reference junctions remain constant. This is an appearance of the error due to thermoelectric inhomogeneity when the developed emf depends on the distribution of temperature along thermocouple legs. Many researchers consider that it is the main reason of thermocouple error. Sometimes the high thermocouple error after extended use is thought to be inevitable and impossible to correct. However, recent studies have discovered new methods for decreasing the influence of the error due to acquired inhomogeneity on measurements of temperature using thermocouples.
There are three stages of understanding of the error due to inhomogeneity during the history of thermocouples. The first stage began in 1906, when the problem of the inhomogeneity in thermocouples was posted. Since then the problem has been studied by various researchers. In 1976 professor Kirenkov drawn conclusion that inhomogeneous thermocouples cannot be used in measuring praxis because of a big error which is impossible either to correct or compensate. No methods how to deal with the error due to acquired during operation inhomogeneity were suggested. This is the second stage of the problem – direct prohibition of use of inhomogeneous thermocouples. The third stage began in 1984, when some methods of correction for the error due to inhomogeneity were suggested. The first of them was thermocouple calibration in situ, or in a temperature field similar to that of operation. Also the method for computation of the thermocouple error in an operating conditions based on the thermocouple calibration in a laboratory was suggested in the same year. However, the most effective method for compensating the error due to inhomogeneity was suggested in 2006. The idea of the method is to stabilize a temperature field along a thermocouple using additional subsystems for temperature control. Implementation of the method requires a new sensor which was suggested in 2006 and was called the thermocouple with controlled profile of temperature field. This is the third stage of the problem. At this stage some effective methods to compensate the error due to inhomogeneity were suggested.
This paper suggest the next stage, that is the fourth one, which implies development of the method suggested in
2006 and the thermocouple with controlled profile of temperature field. The idea of the stage is to use thermoelectric inhomogeneity of thermocouples to assess the metrological properties of thermoelectric thermometers.
Key words: industrial temperature measurement, thermocouple, thermocouple with controlled profile of temperature field, thermoelectric thermometer, temperature measurement error, thermoelectric inhomogeneity.
Література – 34.

УДК 536.532
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ВИМІРЮВАНОЇ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ ВІД ЧАСТОТИ АНТИСТОКСОВОЇ КОМПОНЕНТИ СПЕКТРА КОМБІНАЦІЙНОГО РОЗСІЮВАННЯ СВІТЛА ДЛЯ AL2O3
© Кривенчук Юрій, Микитин Ігор, Сегеда Олег, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Al2O3 – наноструктурований дрібнодисперсний порошок, який часто використовується як сорбент для очищення води, в матеріалознавстві, для виготовлення конденсаторів. Подано результати експериментальних досліджень спектрів комбінаційного розсіювання світла для Al2O3 у температурному діапазоні від 18 до 70 °С. Знайдено еквівалентну частоту антистоксової компоненти спектра комбінаційного розсіювання світла методом центра мас, також отримано аналітичні залежності еквівалентної частоти антистоксової компоненти спектра комбінаційного розсіювання світла від температури. Досліджено залежність похибки апроксимації від кількості коефіцієнтів апроксимаційної кривої. Обладнання для експериментів: лазер ν = 632,9 нм, спектроаналізатор MS 3501i, оптична схема з використанням вузькосмугового фільтра та призми. Дослідження проводили за нормальних умов.
Ключові слова: еквівалентна частота антистоксової компоненти спектра, спектри комбінаційного розсіювання світла.
Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований спектров комбинационного рассеяния света для Al2O3 в температурном диапазоне от 18 до 70 °С. Найдено эквивалентную частоту антистоксовой компоненты спектра комбинационного рассеяния света методом центра масс, также получены аналитические зависимости эквивалентной частоты антистоксовой компоненты спектра комбинационного рассеяния света от температуры. Исследованы зависимость погрешности аппроксимации от количества коэффициентов аппроксимационной кривой. Оборудование для экспериментов:
лазер ν = 632,9 нм, спектроанализатор MS 3501i, оптическая схема с использованием узкополосного фильтра и призмы. Исследования проводились при нормальных условиях.
Ключевые слова: эквивалентная частота антистоксовой компоненты спектра, спектры комбинационного рассеяния света.
On the basis of Raman known at present are two ways to measure temperature. The first and most more common method of measuring temperature by Raman intensity is dependent stokes and antistokes Raman component. This method is relatively simple to implement, since change with temperature integrated area antistokes and stokes component. This method of temperature measurement by Raman has good sensitivity and accuracy, but has several significant drawbacks. The main drawback is a methodological error that occurs as a result of determining the area of integrated antistokes and Stokes components. Spectrophotometer to measure consistently first Stokes then antistokes component of Raman spectroscopy, the measurement time of stokes components of the object and is heated by laser heating antistokes components that it leads to error. Another way is to measure the frequency shift Raman. To measure the temperature shift frequency Raman enough to determine just antistokes component Raman spectroscopy. To measure the temperature shift frequency Raman frequency is not appropriate to use a spectrophotometer and spectrum analyser. The peculiarity of the spectrum analyser is that it measures only antistokes component, and the full range of a whole, not just a stepping stone that can reduce the methodological error. Also unconditional significant advantage of this method within the temperature measurement by Raman is speed. By comparison when measuring the temperature integrated area ratio of the maximum speed is 13 seconds, and the Raman shift frequency of 1 second. By reducing the measurement time is reduced further methodological error caused by heating of the object studied laser. Therefore, based on this method conducted research described in the article. The results of experimental studies Raman spectroscopy for Al2O3 in the temperature range of 18 to 70 °C. Each point temperature for 10 implementations derived components range antistokes Raman method of centre of mass calculated value equivalent frequency components antistokes Raman spectroscopy, and the average value of the equivalent frequency components antistokes range and uncertainty determine an equivalent frequency components antistokes. Analytical dependences equivalent frequency components antistokes Raman spectrum of temperature. The dependence of error of approximation of the number of coefficients approximating curve for each of the objects, and certainly the best number of factors. Equipment using experiments were conducted: laser ν = 632,9 nm spectrum analyser MS 3501i, optical circuit using a narrow band filter and prism, studies were conducted under normal conditions.
Key words: equivalent frequency spectrum components antistokes, Raman spectrum.
Література – 7.

УДК 536.531(2)
НЕЙРОННІ МЕРЕЖІ ЯК ЗАСІБ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ
ЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ ЗА ПЕРЕХІДНИМ ПРОЦЕСОМ
© Лопатко Ольга, Микитин Ігор, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Проаналізовано нейронні мережі як засіб прогнозування значення температури за перехідним процесом. Розглянуто штучний нейрон як основу нейронної мережі. Наведено класифікацію нейронів залежно від функцій, які вони виконують в нейронній мережі, та основні види передавальних функцій нейрона. Подано класифікацію нейронних мереж за критерієм їх архітектури, алгоритму навчання та типу завдань, які вони можуть виконувати. Зроблено висновок, що для розв’язання поставленої задачі оптимальним є застосування нейронної мережі з архітектурою прямого поширення з алгоритмом навчання з вчителем.
Ключові слова: нейронна мережа, прогнозування значення температури, температурний перехідний процес.
Проанализированы нейронные сети как средства прогнозирования значения температуры за переходным процессом. Рассмотрен искусственный нейрон как основа нейронной сети. Приводится классификация нейронов в зависимости от функций, которые они выполняют в нейронной сети, и основные виды передаточных функций нейрона. Представлена классификация нейронных сетей по критерию их архитектуры, алгоритма обучения и типа задач, которые они могут выполнять. Сделан вывод, что для решения поставленной задачи оптимальным является применение нейронной сети с архитектурой прямого распространения с алгоритмом обучения с учителем.
Ключевые слова: нейронная сеть, прогнозирование значения температуры,
температурный переходный процесс.
The present article considers neural networks as a tool for the temperature prediction using transition process. The authors emphasize the need to measure high temperatures in technological processes and indicate problems encountered on this way. The method proposed to solve this problem is neural networks application.
The study of artificial neural networks is motivated by their similarity to successfully working biological systems, which – in comparison to the overall system – consist of very simple but numerous nerve cells that work massively in parallel and (which is probably one of the most significant aspects) have the capability to learn. There is no need to explicitly program a neural network.
One result from this learning procedure is the capability of neural networks to generalize and associate data: after successful training a neural network can find reasonable solutions for similar problems of the same class that were not explicitly trained. This in turn results in a high degree of fault tolerance against noisy input data.
At the very beginning the authors describe artificial neuron as a basis of a neural network and provide its block diagram. Neurons classification depending on the functions they perform in the neural network is also present. They also defined the transfer function of the artificial neuron and its basic types (linear transfer function, positive linear transfer function, piecewise linear transfer function, step transfer function and logistic transfer function) alongside with mathematical expressions (formulas) and diagrams that describe neural networks behavior.
Then, the authors present a neural networks classification based on their architecture (feedforward neural networks, recurrent neural networks and completely linked neural networks were specially highlighted). Each type of these was provided with detailed drawings and structures explanation. In addition, the present article includes a neural network classification, based on training algorithm and the type of problem that such neural network is able to perform.
At the end of the article the authors make conclusions about the most relevant neural network architecture in case of temperature prediction problem using transition process and consider the corresponding learning algorithm. Plans for further research were also outlined.
Key words: neural network, temperature prediction, temperature transition process.
Література – 9.

УДК 621.317.727
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СТРУКТУРНИХ МЕТОДІВ КОРИГУВАННЯ АДИТИВНИХ ПОХИБОК КАЛІБРАТОРІВ НАПРУГИ ПОСТІЙНОГО СТРУМУ
© Матвіїв Роман, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації, вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Вдосконалено метод коригування адитивних складових похибок на основі комутаційного інвертування в калібраторах напруги постійного струму з елементами аналогової пам’яті комутаційних двополярних сигналів. Спроектовано структурну схему і принципові схеми окремих вузлів калібратора напруги з автоматичним коригуванням адитивних похибок і проведено їх дослідження.
Ключові слова: калібратор напруги, аналогова пам’ять, адитивна похибка, автоматична корекція, комутаційне інвертування.
Усовершенствован метод коррекции аддитивных составляющих погрешности на основе коммутационного инвертирования в калибраторах напряжения постоянного тока с элементами аналоговой памяти коммутационных двуполярных сигналов. Спроектирована структурная схема и принципиальные схемы отдельных узлов калибратора напряжения с автоматической коррекцией аддитивных погрешностей и проведены их исследования.
Ключевые слова: калибратор напряжения, аналоговая память, аддитивная погрешность, автоматическая коррекции, коммутационное инвертирование.
In normal operating conditions the error correction is usually conducted shifting the transformation function of DC voltage calibrators by introducing a corrective quantity equal in value and opposite in sign to additive error. This additive error correction is performed in manual and automatic modes.
Additive errors of DC voltage calibrators are mainly caused by zero bias of the transformation function of analog electronic components in electronic circuit and voltage drop in communication lines between different circuit nodes. The additive errors caused by the operational amplifier equivalent offset voltage, are added to the output voltage of DC voltage calibrator and converted into multiplicative errors through the use of code-control dividers. Additive errors of the output scale converters of DC voltage calibrators cause additive offset of output voltage. In addition, they can also occur during the passage of supply current of different device units through the common communication lines between them. The structural and technological methods are used to reduce these errors.
The review of additive error adjusting methods by means of inverting switching is conducted.
Therefore, to use the additive error adjusting methods in DC voltage calibrator it is necessary to conduct their research and improvement.
The method of additive error adjusting based by means of inverting switching DC voltage calibrator with analog memory elements of switching bipolar signals is improved. The block diagram of the DC voltage calibrator with double inversion is analyzed. The graphics dependences of additive error for different values of frequency clock generator, time delay and transmission rate of code-controlled divider are considered. The dependences of output voltage error value from the output signals delay formation are also investigated.
Based on the analysis shows that the main drawback to switching-inverting method is the effect of forming precision pulse control keys and signals delay formation arising from the lack of speed switching transients and key operational amplifiers and code-controlled divider. To eliminate the influence of outputs transients proposed output elements of operational amplifier are stored in analog memory. A structural diagram output of DC voltage calibrator with analog memory elements. A description of scheme and given equation output voltage. From these equations shows that the resulting delay from switching the input and output signals create multiplicative error on frequency clock generator and time value delay. Under this factor of multiplicative error can be adjusted change in transmission kode-controlled divider for a clock frequency generator of value.
Improved principle scheme of separate units DC voltage calibrator with automatic errors correction and conducted its investigation and presented graphic dependences of the output voltage changes of the combiner. Analysis of graphical dependences shows that amplitude of the variable component of combiner output depends on the time constant memory elements and adder. When τ = 18 ms value variable component equal to 0.25 mV at a clock generator frequency of 1000 Hz and 0.5 mV at a frequency of 500 Hz.
To reduce the variable component of the voltage at the output combiner is applied passive filter on condenser C3 and active at operational amplifier DA2. Accordingly, for the variable component value less than 1 mV must apply suppression filter coefficient K = 47 dB at a clock generator frequency of 1000 Hz and K = 54 dB at a frequency of 500 Hz.
Computer research determined that the applied filter reduces a variable component not exceed to 1 mV.
The proposed method of component additive error correction DC voltage calibrator from inverting switching voltage source model and output amplifier with switching signal analog memory elements output amplifier completely component additive errors corrects and improves dynamic performance DC voltage calibrator.
Key words: calibrator voltage, analog memory, additive error, automatic correction, inverting switching.
Література – 7.

УДК 536.5; 536.5.081
РОЗУМНІ ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНІ ЗАСОБИ ДЛЯ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ
SMART MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
© Микийчук Микола, Стадник Богдан, Яцишин Святослав, Луцик Ярослав, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна,
(е-mail: slav.yat@gmail.com +38 068 50 473 68)
Праця спрямована на розвиток кіберфізичних систем, які стають ключовим
фактором повсякденного життя, а розумні вимірювальні прилади вважають невід’ємним компонентом цієї системи. Розглядається верифікація метрологічних підсистем за параметрами, що визначають керованість обладнання та процесів, розробленням, впровадженням та реалізацією конкретних метрологічних методів та інструментів, які успішно описуються термінами “апаратна підтримка,
основне і проміжне метрологічне програмне забезпечення”.
Ключові слова: розумні вимірювальні інструменти, мережі із розумних сенсорів, сенсорні розподілені мережі, основне і проміжне метрологічне програмне забезпечення, верифікація.
Работа направлена на развитие киберфизических систем, которые становятся ключевым фактором повседневной жизни, а умные измерительные приборы считаются неотъемлемым компонентом этой системы. Рассматривается верификация метрологических подсистем по параметрам, определяющим управляемость оборудования и процессов, путем разработки, внедрения и реализации конкретных метрологических методов и инструментов, которые успешно описываются терминами “аппаратная поддержка, основное и промежуточное метрологическое программное обеспечение”.
Ключевые слова: умные измерительные инструменты, сети из умных сенсоров, сенсорные распределенные сети, основное и промежуточное метрологическое программное обеспечение, верификация.
Smart measuring instruments are the prerequisite for CPS design as they constitute the essential units of information-measuring subsystems. There is a set of smart measurement instruments which is divided into the following subsets: smart sensors, smart transducers, their grids etc. that can be joined together in modern wireless sensor networks. The emerging field of cheap and easily deployed sensors offers an unprecedented opportunity for a wide spectrum of various applications. When combined, they offer numerous advantages over traditional networks. These include a large-scale flexible architecture, high-resolution data, and applica¬tion-adaptive mechanisms as well as a row of metrological specific features and performance (self-check, self-validation, self-verifica¬tion, self-calibration, self-adjustment).
Milestones in everyday work aiming to ensure reliable wireless sensors networks operation lie in the direction of functional and probabilistic verifications. We provide the software and middleware development aiming to reach predetermined behavior. The easiest way to achieve this may be demonstrated on the example of widespread wireless fire detector networks. They are characterized by a number of special algorithms directed on as fast as possible and accurate triggering and actuating the automation of higher level. So, it becomes necessary to research and implement the original operation algorithms for fire sensors and also check algorithms for periodic real-time software examination. Considering their structural complexity (pre¬sence of smoke and heat sensitive elements, various principles of elaboration of the received signals, their drift of charac¬teristics, and pollution of translucent elements, etc.) the develop¬ment of such algorithms is a daunting task. Herein, human life may be the price for a bug. Equally important seems to be probabilistic verification that is to boost the probabi¬li¬ty of reaching wireless sensors network declared goals (estimation of their chances being achieved).
Each network consists structurally of a large number (up to 103) of nodes which are individual sensors able to radio communicate with one or several neighboring units. The most common wireless sensors network is the fire alarm sensors network each branch of which has up to 26 sensors which was caused by limiting the length of microcontroller register. Topology of every network may differ: star, cluster tree, mesh, up to advanced multi-hop mesh network. Propagation technique between hops of network can be routing or flooding. Nowadays, problem arises to adapt traditi¬onal network topologies to contemporary communicating con¬ditions.
If a centralized architecture is used in a sensor network and the central node fails, then the entire network will collapse, however the reliability of sensor network can be increased by using distributed control architecture. Distributed control is used in such networks for the following reasons: sensor nodes are prone to failure; for better collection of data; to provide nodes with backup in case of the central node failure; resources have to be self -organized.
Aiming at the substantial development of Cyber-Physical systems, which are becoming a key element of everyday life, the smart measuring instruments are considered below as an indispensable part of entire systems. Verification of the metrological subsystems for parameters determining the controlled equipment and processes through the development, implementation and realization of specific metrology and standardization methods, instruments, that is successfully described by the terms “metrological hardware, software, and middleware”.
Smart sensors are supplied with digital information transmissive means by equipping them with built-in digital controllers to match the universal network interface or by combining technology of analogue and digital transmission in a single measuring channel. According to the structure all smart sensors are divided into 4 groups: sensors of centralized and decentralized types, as well as sensors with digital and analogue buses. According to correction methods the analogue interfaces with smart sensors are divided into the groups: with manual error correction, with auto correction of errors in analogue-digital form, and with digital correction of errors.
Specific measurement consists in evaluating MIs perfor¬mance reliability, trueness, and other metrological properties, due to the quality of a certain kind of metrological software, or the software linked to metrological features of MIs.
MI software metrological verification raises the problem of appropriate methods choice of software and middleware assessing, testing, and certifying. The metrological validation must result in confirmation or discarding of the studied ware following the requirements indicated in normative documents. Procedures and methods of checking software, and determining its disadvantages are considered below. Software study includes first of all the fulfilling the procedures of inambiguity ensuring the operating functions for generated data. Selection of the procedures is determined by regulation requirements, as well as by the software developer or the user’s desires to confirm its compliance with the target specification.
Key words: smart measuring instruments, smart sensors grids, distributed sensors networks,
metrological software and middleware, verification.
Література – 28.

УДК:637.127.576.8
ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ МІКРОБІОЛОГІЧНИХ РИЗИКІВ
У КРИТИЧНИХ ТОЧКАХ КОНТРОЛЮ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ПАСТЕРИЗОВАНОГО МОЛОКА
© Остап’юк Соломія, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра метрології, стандартизації та сертифікації,
вул. С. Бандери,12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Встановлено критичні точки контролю у харчовому ланцюгу виробництва пастеризованого молока на етапі одержання сирого молока і до готового продукту.
Також визначено у виробничих умовах мікробіологічні критерії (РО) для кількості мезофільних аеробних і факультативно анаеробних мікроорганізмів (КМАФАнМ) у критичних точках контролю технологічного процесу виробництва питного молока до та після пастеризації.
Ключові слова: критичні точки контролю, мікробіологічні ризики, пастеризоване молоко, харчовий ланцюг, мезофільні аеробні й факультативно анаеробні мікроорганізми.
Установлены критические точки контроля в пищевой цепи производства пастеризованного молока на этапе получения сырого молока и до готового продукта.
Также определены в производственных условиях микробиологические критерии (РО)
для количества мезофильных аэробных и факультативно анаэробных микроорганизмов (КМАФАнМ)
в критических точках контроля технологического процесса производства питьевого молока до пастеризации и после пастеризации.
Ключевые слова: критические точки контроля, микробиологические риски, пастеризованное молоко, пищевая цепь, мезофильные аэробные и факультативно анаэробные микроорганизмы.
The quality and safety of dairy products largely depend on the conditions of milk production, which acts as raw material for dairy industry.
Milk that is produced under any conditions and ways of keeping cows, is always exposed to microbiological risks.
Microbiological risk assessment is one of the most important developments in the field of food safety management.
Among the regular main risks during the collection, primary processing, storage and transportation of milk, of course, is the microbiological. In the production of food raw materials and food products in General and obtaining raw milk, in particular, reliable means to control hazards are the HACCP system, in which risk management is carried out at critical control points (CCР).
To install the CCP at every important stage of milk production it is necessary to develop specific settings for all of them to a manufacturer is able to implement properly the relevant processes. This will allow you to achieve effective ensure that targets regarding quality and safety of their products, which installed the relevant requirements in the regulations.
Special control should be carried out in primary – care production of raw milk. Today, Ukraine has not yet developed the management measures in the technological process of production of raw milk for all microbiological parameters.
Based on this, you need to install the relevant production, the so-called informal settings that will achieve the established official criteria of quality and safety. each CCP producer is forced to have a corresponding value
of PO-microbiological criteria in respect of all safety indicators.
At the international level, these parameters are necessarily required and they are called Performance Objectives (PO) as well as on every critical precise control of the manufacturer should be guided by the indicators that he can reach values, which are called Performance Criteria (PC).
According to the requirements of the state standard for milk cows microbiological safety is a comprehensive measure that includes the total number of microorganisms, that is, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM), the presence of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.
Total bacterial contamination of milk (QMAFAnM) should be monitored throughout the entire production process of dairy products to prevent food diseases-diseases and bacteriotoxicity the consumer.
It is particularly hard should be control of the food chain – at the stage of receipt of raw milk to the finished product. It is necessary to develop measures for management of CTC in the production of pasteurized milk at stages before and after pasteurization on total bacterial contamination (QMAFAnM).
The article shows the established critical control points in the food chain of production of pasteurized milk at the stage of receipt of raw milk to the finished product. Also defined in a production environment microbiological criteria – RO for the quantity of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM) in critical control points of technological process of production of drinking milk before pasteurization and after pasteurization.
This will allow you to achieve effective quality assurance of milk, will allow to guarantee the safety of dairy products and to create conditions for mutual trust and a civilized market.
Key words: critical control points, microbiological risks, pasteurized milk, food chain, mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms.
Література – 9.

УДК 536.5; 536.5.081
ОСНОВИ КВАНТОВОЇ ТЕРМОМЕТРІЇ
© Стадник Богдан, Яцишин Святослав, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра інформаційно-вимірювальних технологій,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Доведено існування кванта температури, зумовленого дисипацією одного електрона на фононах за одиницю часу, та теоретично визначено його значення через фундаментальні фізичні сталі з установленою непевністю, залежною від непевностей методів визначення цих сталих. Показано можливість створення сучасного еталона температури на базі фундаментальних фізичних сталих із залученням еталона електричного опору на базі інверсного значення кванта електропровідності та еталона напруги
на базі масиву переходів Джозефсона.
Ключові слова: еталон температури, перевизначення поняття “температура”, квантова одиниця термодинамічної температури.
Доказано существование кванта температуры, обусловленного диссипацией одного электрона на фононах в единицу времени, теоретически определено его значение через фундаментальные физические постоянные с установленным значением неопределенности, зависящей от неопределенности методов определения этих постоянных. Показано возможность создания современного эталона температуры
на базе фундаментальных физических постоянных с привлечением эталона
электри¬ческого сопротивления на основании инверсного значения кванта электропроводности и эталона напряжения на основании массива переходов Джозефсона.
Ключевые слова: эталон температуры, перевизначення понятия “температура”, квантовая единица термодинамической температуры.
At this moment the Temperature Unit remains the last, among 7 major units of SI, value that is not regulated at the atomic level. Such state of affairs cannot be deemed adequate for the advanced technology. After implementation of current CODATA “Temperature” redefinition, the next step in provision of scientific support for realizing the Temperature Measurement of new generation seems to be a creation of Quantum Standard on the basis of the fundamental physical constants.
The Boltzmann constant consideration related only to the energy of electrons scattering in process of collision with atoms may be incomplete and therefore not quite correct. While ignoring the process of acquiring energy by electrons to which may be involved in another fundamental physical constant such as Planck constant, the obtained model would be not quite perfect. These both sides of process combine a balanced approach to the problem of temperature arising as the heat manifestation (in the case of transmission of electric current through the substance) of the conduction electrons interacting with atoms. Therefore, occurrence of the Planck constant in proposed by us the Quantum Unit of Temperature becomes reasonable.
It is proved the existence of Quantum Unit of Temperature caused by single electron-phonon dissipation per second and determined its value with the uncertainty defined by the set of different physical methods. The possibility of researching the most contemporary measure of temperature on the basis of fundamental physical constants with involvement of the Standard of Electrical Resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of Voltage based on the Josephson junctions array is considered.
For this purpose are involved the Standard of electrical resistance on the basis of Inverse of Conductance Quantum as well as the Standard of voltage based on the Josephson junctions that can produce voltage pulses with time-integrated areas perfectly quantized in integer values of h/2e. As mentioned resistance we propose to study FET construction, namely the CNTFET with built-in CNT which has to be superconductive. Source and drain have to be manufactured from two dissimilar conductive metals (for example constantan and copper) that constitute the T-type thermocouple via CNT quasi-junction. The last is inhe¬rent in resistance which is equal to 25812.807 557 ± 0.0040 Ώ, due to transient resistance of contacts. While studying the dissipation of electric power on such an electric resistance in tempe¬rature measure¬ment area, it becomes able the estimation of temperature jump conjugated with which is formed per unit time t by N conduction electrons of each charge e that transfer energy to atoms of matter. Resulting value of temperature jump is deduced, and it is reduced later to single electron-phonon dissipation per second. Received value is identified as Reduced Quantum Unit of Temperature: . On condition of power supply from Johnston junc¬tions array, it appears an opportunity to pass a discrete, clearly appointed number of electrons through Standard’s CNT. The studied temperature jump is easiest to measure with minimal methodical error with help of built-in high-mentioned thermocouple.
It is deter¬mined by electric energy dissipated on CNTFET contacts at passing a current, via ratio of h and kB and is equal to 3.199 493 42 ∙ 10-11 K with relative standard uncer¬tain¬ty 59.2∙10-8 (defined by well-known values h and kB of NIST tables). It can be extremely helpful at Quantum Temperature Measurement Standard design.
Key words: temperature standard, redefinition of the “Temperature”, quantum unit of thermodynamic temperature
Література – 16.

УДК 621.317.7
АНАЛІЗ ПОХИБКИ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ КУТА НАПРЯМУ НА ЦІЛЬ
РОЗПОДІЛЕНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ ЗВУКОВОЇ АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКОЇ РОЗВІДКИ
 Трембач Богдан, Кочан Роман, 2016
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, кафедра спеціалізованих комп’ютерних систем,
вул. С. Бандери, 12, 79013, Львів, Україна
Проаналізовано похибку визначення кута на ціль у системі артилерійської звукової розвідки. Досліджено обчислювальну складність формули для визначення відстані між звукоприймачами. Проаналізовано основні джерела похибки під час визначення кута напряму на ціль. Показано залежності складових похибки визначення кута на ціль.
Ключові слова: акустичні джерела, мобільні пристрої, звукоприймач, похибка.
Проанализирована погрешность определения угла на цель в системе артиллерийской звуковой разведки. Исследована вычислительная сложность формулы для определения расстояния между звукоприемниками. Проанализированы основные источники погрешности при определении угла направления на цель. Показано зависимости составляющих погрешности определения угла на цель.
Ключевые слова: акустические источники, мобильные устройства, звукоприемник, погрешность.
The analysis determining the angle error on the target system artillery sound intelligence. Studied computational complexity of the formula for determining the distance between the sound receivers. The basic source of error in determining the direction angle to the target. Showing error components depending determine the angle to the target.
Sound is a type of artillery reconnaissance and combat support artillery units [1], which uses acoustic stereo to determine the direction to the target. Means sound intelligence forces Ukraine is sound-metric-type filling station
AKZ-7. However, their condition technical readiness can not effectively carry out the sound of artillery reconnaissanc.
In [4] proposed a distributed sound system of automatic artillery reconnaissance using a plurality of independent sound receivers located on the ground and combined with wireless network using cellular channels. Sound acoustic receivers provide environmental monitoring and the detection of sound of a shot or pass to break the sound server system time and their geographic coordinates. The server system provides data aggregation sound receivers and presenting the results of the system to authorized users.
The aim of this work is to investigate the accuracy of measurement of the angle to the target in the implementation of systems based on advanced cellular terminals (smartphones).
In [5] analyzed the errors of determining the angle to the target system artillery sound intelligence.Analiz showed that the computational complexity of the formula used to estimate the error of the system is unnecessarily high. Analysis of distance between two geographical points that are scattered over a distance of 3 km (expected maximum allowable distance between the sound receivers, they hear one goal) showed that it corresponds exactly service Google Maps.
Function arguments are: the distance between the sound receivers during the fixation of sounds goals sound receivers and the speed of sound in air. Error of these variables will determine the angle error of the target.
The dependence on the angle determining the distance between the target sound audio receivers distributed system intelligence based artillery systems provider. It tested a new method of determining the distance by geographical coordinates and compared the results with the service Google Maps. Established that the accuracy of the distance, the new method is not inferior to existing ones. This allows you to determine the distance to within 1 meter. The greatest influence on the resulting error gives a measure of time. Therefore, a further step to improve the determination of the angle of the target is to reduce the error determination time.
Key words: acoustic source, mobile devices, sound receiver error.
Література – 8.