УДК 728

В. І. Баб’як
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра архітектурного проектування та інженерії

АРХІТЕКТУРНА СКЛАДОВА У ПЕДАГОГІЧНІЙ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ МІГРАНТІВ У НОВЕ СУСПІЛЬСТВО

© Баб’як В. І., 2018

Розглянуто передумови створення номенклатури спеціалізованого житла для мігрантів. Архітектурно-планувальні рішення висвітлено як один з методів розв’язання глобальних викликів ХХІ століття. Педагогіка, а саме педагогічна технологія у разі взаємозв’язку із засобами архітектури здатні стимулювати мігрантів до інтеграції у нове суспільство. Проблемам якісної інтеграції мігрантів у нове суспільство приділено мало уваги, не розкрито потенціалу інтеграції мігрантів через житло. Мало дослідженою залишається тема локалізації житла для мігрантів у структуру міста та її зв'язок з рівнем інтеграції в соціум та культуру приймаючого суспільства. Поза увагою багатьох досліджень залишається можливість застосування квартир малих площ, міні квартир, квартир з покімнатного заселення, житлових одиниць капсульного типу.
Ключові слова: житло для мігрантів, педагогічна технологія, модернізм, типи житла, інтеграція мігрантів у суспільство.

Кількість посилань 16

V. Babyak,
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Architectural Design and Engineering

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS IN PEDAGOGICAL
TECHNOLOGIES OF MIGRANT INTEGRATION

© Babyak V., 2018

The article considers the preconditions for the creation of a range of specialized housing for migrants. Architectural and planning decisions are shown as a method of solving the global challenges of the twenty-first century. Pedagogy (namely, pedagogical technology), in conjunction with the means of architecture, can stimulate migrants to integrate into a new society. The problems of quality integration of migrants into a new society are being paid little attention. The potential of integration of migrants through housing is not disclosed. The topic of localization of housing for migrants in the structure of the city, has been little research. And the relationship of housing localization level of integration of migrants into the society and culture of the host society. Without attention to many scientificresearch is the possibility of using apartments of small areas, mini apartments, apartments in a residential room, capsule dwelling.
In modern conditions, it is difficult to solve specific social problems within only one scientific discipline. There is a problem of finding concrete means that may be needed in solving phenomena of interdisciplinary nature. One such phenomenon is global migration, which creates a number of negative trends. An example of this is the problems of migrants and their integration into the EU [1].
The article analyzes the many interdisciplinary research, such as “Game Theory” T. Turocy, and
B. von Stengel; historical excursion Gorlov V. “The emergence of communal apartments in the early years of Soviet power”; Beatrice Kolomna its review of urban planning school of the first half of the twentieth century and its pedagogy “radical pedagogy”; materials by Kseniya Malik and Fiederer L. on the study of modernism, as well as scientific works in the direction of pedagogical technologies, in particular the work of Kojaspirov, Kuzminsky.
The interconnection of architecture and pedagogical technology becomes inevitable in the light of the rise of global challenges. One of these challenges is unregulated migration. Adapting migrants to the new environment is possible through effective integration. It should be implemented in accordance with the developed integral strategy of re-education of the migrant. The architecture has a number of tools, which are able to contribute to this process. Architects are faced with the need to create functional models. Models that meet the set tasks. Architectural models should fit both the scale of a residential unit of a particular building and the scale of the city and its infrastructure. Currently, there is an urgent need for interdisciplinary study of the phenomenon of irregular migration. The architectural aspect is one of the few lit and there is a need in their future scientific developments on the subject.
Key words: housing for migrants, pedagogical technology, modernism, types of housing, integration of migrants into society.

УДК 711.1+9

М. М. Габрель
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра архітектурного проектування

МІСТОБУДІВНІ ОСНОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ
ЗДОРОВ’Я МІСТА: АНАЛІЗ, ДІАГНОСТИКА СТАНУ
ТА ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ

© Габрель М. М., 2018

У статті обґрунтовано містобудівні основи аналізу, оцінки (діагностики) стану та прогнозування розвитку здорового міста. Розроблено модель процесів у містах, визначено методи дослідження та прогнозування його здоров’я на основі аналізу сучасних урбаністичних концепцій і явищ розвитку міст. Виокремлено важливі елементи і чинники, що впливають на міське здоров’я; систематизовано показники і критерії його оцінки.
Ключові слова: здоров’я міста, аналіз, діагностика стану та прогнозування розвитку міста.

Кількість посилань 42

M. Habrel
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Architectural Design

TOWN-PLANNING BASES OF FORMING OF HEALTH OF CITY: ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSTICS OF THE STATE AND
PROGNOSTICATION OF DEVELOPMENT

© Habrel M., 2018

The paper aims to outline the urban planning foundations of analysis, assessment (diagnostics) of conditions and prognosis of development of a healthy city. The tasks to be solved in the paper are the following: to clarify the nature of “city health” in the system of modern urban framework of categories and concepts; to develop the model of processes in the cities and their relation to the condition of a city; to pick out the parameters that influence the city health and to systematize them and explain the criteria of its assessment; to substantiate the methodical foundations of analysis, assessment (diagnostics) of conditions and prognosis of development of a healthy city, to verify the developed approach to the diagnostics of the condition of health on the example of a certain city and to the prognosis of development.
Healthy city is a city with socially and ecologically sound processes, which efficiently use the capacity and implement the mechanisms of self-organization. Clarification of terms and analysis of modern urban concepts related to the problem under research make it possible to confirm that the major factors that form and influence the city health are concentrated in the processes of life and activity of urban systems.
Two approaches were selected in order to explain the parameters of analysis and assessment of the condition of city health: selection of already existing parameters, which have been substantiated in various urban concepts; substantiation of parameters based on the model of five-dimensional space (person – functions – conditions – geometry – time). Major problems and deviations from healthy city on the example of Lviv, their causes and consequences are classified in accordance with the rules of causes and effects relations’ construction. The groups of processes in the cities, which produce the results negative for health and control and neutralize them, are defined. Harmonization of the processes at the system level contributes to revitalizing and efficient development of a city.
Key words: city health, analysis, diagnostics of the city and forecasting of the city development.

УДК 711

Л. Б. Гнесь
Львівський національний аграрний університет,
кафедра архітектури і планування сільських поселень

ПРАКТИКА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ, ПРОБЛЕМИ
ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НОРМУВАННЯ СІЛЬСЬКИХ ВУЛИЦЬ

© Гнесь Л. Б., 2018

На основі здійснених автором у 2016 р. натурних досліджень кварталів садибної забудови, запроектованих і реалізованих у 60–90-х роках ХХ ст. в селах Київської, Львівської, Хмельницької областей, проаналізовано практику нецільового вико¬ристання мешканцями просторів сільських вулиць з різними типовими профілями. Подано рекомендації стосовно ощадного використання територіальних та будівельних ресурсів під час проектування вулиць в сільській садибній забудові без шкоди для їх функціональних та естетичних якостей.
Ключові слова: сільські вулиці, стихійна реконструкція сільських вулиць, ширина вулиць, сельбищні території сільських поселень.

Кількість посилань 4
L. Hnes
Lviv National Agrarian University,
Department of Architecture and Planning of rural settlements

FUNCTIONING, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
OF RURAL STREETS’ STANDARTIZATION

© Hnes L., 2018

On the basis of the author’s 2016 field researches of farmsteads development, which were designed and implemented in 60–90 years of the 20th century in villages of Kyiv, Lviv, Khmelnytsky regions, it is analyzed the practice of improper use of streets of rural settlements, with different standard sections, by their residents.
It was found that the most common parameters of farmsteads (15–10 m width, area 0,08–0,11ha) do not satisfy the needs of individual peasants, engaged in agricultural production, for proper functioning of the farmsteads. The lack of space or small width of farmsteads peasants compensate by using of spacial reserves of rural streets, such as zones between the roadway and the fences of farmsteads (roadsides, rainwater ditches, sidewalks, rows of trees or shrubs, lawns). When the width of the zone is wide enough, the owners of farmsteads use it for various functions: parking of agricultural machinery and implements, for storage of construction materials, fuel, agricultural production, as a volary and/or an aviary for livestock or poultry, or sometimes move the fencing boundaries of their farmsteads 1–4 m towards the roadway, etc.
All these examples of spontaneous reconstruction in town planning, prove that planning decisions for development of residential areas of rural settlements do not consider the specifics of the rural lifestyle and needs of management. As a result, it leads to significant changes in the planning of the streets by the residents.
Analysing the results of the researches one can notice that there is hidden and unconscious conflict between designers and consumers of their design practice. Ignoring by designers such a phenomenon as spontaneous reconstruction inevitably leads to the use of surplus space of rural streets unefficiently and to loss of their aesthetics. At the same time the researches show that such unauthorized actions of residents, as reducing the width of rural streets and variety of functional use of street’s side zones, are much less common or absent altogether in cases where:
– the width of the streets do not exceed 9.10 m;
– the width of farmsteads along the front side of a street was more than 30 meters each and the area of each farmstead was more than 0.15 hectares – these parameters allow to organize a spacious homestead yard;
– or when the back of the farmsteads provides utility passage.
The author gives some recommendations for reasonable using of local and architectural resources when designing streets of rural farmsteads – reducing the width of the rural streets to 8.10 m (at 40–75 % comparing to the recommended profiles) without causing any harm to functional and aesthetic qualities. Spare 1–3 meters of width on each side of the street it is recommended to attach to the farmsteads where the owners can use them more efficiently.
Key words: rural streets, spontaneous reconstruction of rural streets, street’s width, residential areas of rural settlements.

УДК 72.04.033.2

Ю. Р. Диба
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра архітектури та реставрації
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7783-2284
АРХІТЕКТУРНЕ ТЛО ІКОНИ
ПОКРОВУ ПРЕСВЯТОЇ БОГОРОДИЦІ
З РІЧИЦІ НА ВОЛИНІ

© Диба Ю. Р., 2018

Проаналізовано реалістичне зображення елементів інтер’єру храму в іконі Покрову Пресвятої Богородиці зламу ХV–ХVI ст. з колекції Рівненського краєзнавчого музею, що походить зі Святотроїцької церкви в с. Річиці Зарічненського району Рівненсь¬кої області. Порівняльною характеристикою архітектурних елементів доведено, що архітектурним прототипом цього зображення слугував Собор святої Софії в Константинополі.
Ключові слова: Ікона Покрову Пресвятої Богородиці, церква св. Трійці с. Річиця, архітектурне тло ікони, елементи інтер’єру, Собор святої Софії у Константинополі.

Кількість посилань 11

Yu. Dyba
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Architecture and Restoration
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7783-2284

THE ARCHITECTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE ICON OF 'INTERCESSION OF THE THEOTOKOS' FROM THE RICHYTSIA

© Dyba Yu., 2018

The author investigates realistic image of interior elements, depicted in the icon of “Intercession of the Theotokos”. This icon dates from the end of the 15th – the beginning of the 16th cent. and comes from Volhynian village Richytsia. Now it is stored in the collection of the Rivne Local History Museum. This work is considered to be a classic in Ukrainian late medieval art. The icon is distinguished by its elaborate composition and large groups of characters.
In the scientific community there are numerous questions regarding the identification of specific sources of the complex of its architectural elements of this icon. In this regard, many general statements, various interpretations and obvious fantasies arose in the scientific literature. This gives grounds for a more thorough historical-architectural analysis of the notable features of iconography of this image. In the monumental study of Volodymyr Aleksandrovich “Intercession of the Theotokos” an icon from Richytsia is considered in a separate section. A thorough analysis of the experience of studying the icon performed in this work greatly simplifies the work with literature. The researcher drew attention to the most obvious debatable forms of the architectural background of the icon and various interpretations of his integral composition. The identification of the elements of the architectural background of the icon from Richytsia was of interest to all the researchers of this artistic work. Is it possible to link the whole complex of architectural features of this to a particular temple? Such a question is not hopeless. After all, the fullness of the concrete forms of the architectural background of the icon is unique. The originality of the interpretation of all components of the architectural background does not give grounds to consider them as typical. Therefore, the identification of the source (sources?) of their origin will be a logical continuation of the thorough study of the icon.
The author argues that the source of the ideological program of the Icon of “Intercession of the Theotokos” is related to Constantinople. However, the facilities of the complex in Blacherna can not serve as a prototype. They do not have the appropriate set of architectural elements, characteristic of the icon. The study shows the fact that the prototype of the architectural background of the investigated icon was the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople.
The most striking element of the architectural background of the icon is the arcade. The four tiers of this arcade are depicted on the background of the figure of the Virgin. The three small domes served rather as signs of a constructive system of overlappings of the Constantinople Temple, which is formed from a massive central dome and two hemispheres. Other elements of the interior are similar. Comparison of such elements proves that the model served Hagia Sophia.
Key words: Icon of the Intercession of the Theotokos, church of St. Trinity from the village Richytsia, architectural background of icon, interior elements, Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

УДК 72.01(03)

C. М. Лінда, Ю. Л. Богданова*
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра дизайну та основ архітектури,
*кафедра дизайну архітектурного середовища

САКРАЛЬНА АРХІТЕКТУРА ЛЬВОВА
МІЖВОЄННОГО ПЕРІОДУ: СТИЛЬОВИЙ ПЛЮРАЛІЗМ

© Лінда С. М., Богданова Ю. Л., 2018

Проаналізовано розвиток сакральної архітектури Львова міжвоєнного часу. Наведено реалізовані та нереалізовані приклади римо-католицьких та греко-католицьких храмів. З’ясовано роль сакрального будівництва у становленні ідеології польської державності та формуванні української національної ідеї.
Ключові слова: Друга Річ Посполита, міжвоєнний період, сакральне будівництво.

Кількість посилань 22

S. Linda, Y. Bohdanova*
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Design and Architecture Fundamentals,
*Department of Architectural Environment Design

THE SACRAL ARCHITECTURE OF LVIV IN TIME PERIOD
BETWEEN WORLD WARS: THE PLURALISM OF STYLES

© Linda S., Bohdanova Y., 2018

The results of the First World War did a major change in geo-political map of Europe. Poland obtained independence and started another stage of it's state building. Polish authorities had a complicated task in both economical and ideological aspects. The economical one included overpassing the stagnation of economic and modernizing, balancing economical development of very different level regions. The ideological one included creating of solid national state in conditions of having many ethnic groups and co-existion of some powerful religious confessions. Forming the national identity and creating a concept of “what does it mean to be a Pole” were the most necessary terms of statebuilding.
Catholicism played a major role in forming the special Polish identity in time period between World wars. In fact, being a pole meant being a catholic. The church progressed from religious-only institution into important and powerful tool for creating state and nation. And church architecture became an important way for visualizing Polish indentity of that time. It was formed with the tenet of creating national state, sanctified with one religion. That is the reason why it is possible to observe use of historical styles forms which may be called “national” (“the Sigmund's renessaince”, “the Upper-Visla gothic”) in the roman-catholic sacral architecture. They were also modernized and connected to the international modernism style. This was a great example of addressing own roots and in the same time – national modernization while building a single-nation state.
The important traits of the Ukrainian architects' creative work were the urge towards using highlights of the national heritage and achieving the unity of national and international, of ancient and modern. The national traditions were rethought according to stylistic trends of the new time. They were developed and refreshed, pointing at the awakening of people's conciousness and it's spiritual progress.
According to this, much attention was connected to the exceptional role of the church (roman-catholic for Poles and greco-catholic for Ukranians) and infulenced the style of sacral building. Because namely the shape was to visualize the ideological messages of the Polish state and was a carrier and manifestation of the national resurrection in that time. Intense building of sacral structures in time period between World wars has lead to stringed stylish mosaic of their architecture. Vernacularism and historism were co-existing with ar deco motives and functionalism. We may talk about creative competition and in the same time – mixing of two philosophic professional outlooks – historism and modernism. Historism was connected to visualization of national identity of the people and legitimation of it's presence at this land. Modernism was reflecting global trend of searching new style and new architecture paradigm which looked only into the future. Such paradigm was also built in Poland but they did not forget their own history and struggle.
Key words: Second Polish Republic, interwar period, sacred construction.

УДК 72.025.4/5

Н. А. Лещенко
Kиївський національний університет будівництва і архітектури,
кафедра інформаційних технологій в архітектурі

РЕКОНСТРУКТИВНІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ
ЗАБУДОВИ ІСТОРИЧНОГО ЦЕНТРУ МАЛОГО МІСТА
(НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПЛОЩІ ПАМ’ЯТІ
В МІСТІ БАР ВІННИЦЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ)

© Лещенко Н. А., 2018

Проаналізовано реконструктивні трансформації, які відбулися із забудовою ринкової площі малого історичного міста, що призвело до втрати нею її історичної функції, але водночас отримання нових, не менш важливих функцій. Показано, як це вплинуло на сучасне планування та забудову площі. Визначено стратегію ревалоризації як необхідної реконструктивної трансформації для її активізації. Надано рекомендації, як розвинути її наявні сучасні функції, відновити історичну і гармонічно їх поєднати для створення якісного міського публічного простору.
Ключові слова: ревалоризація, історичний центр малого міста, ринкова площа, площа Пам’яті, якісний міський публічний простір.

Кількість посилань 15

N. Leshchenko
Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture,
Departament of information technologies in architecture

RECONSTRUCTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THE SMALL TOWN’S HISTORICAL CENTER
(ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MEMORY SQUARE IN BAR,
VINNYTSIA REGION)

© Лещенко Н. А., 2018

The buildings and planing of the historical small towns always feel different qualitative changes in the process of their existence and development. It can be planned or chaotic. The results of these changes can improve the quality of architecture, urban environment and life in it, or, vice versa, can lead to its degradation and destruction. Very often, the disappearance of the historical buildings or the appearance of only one the new building are changing the functionality of the whole square. If it's planned, the changes are expected. And if the calculations are the correct, they usually lead to the better quality of the resulting architectural urban environment. In the case of chaotic changes, whether accidental or deliberately made, the urban architectural environment usually has a loss. They often become the cause of its functional depletion or disturbance and lead to the decrease in its activity and to its degradation, as a result, in the first case, or to the violation of its integrity and intimacy, in the event of the appearance of an undesirable function, in the second case.
Such qualitative changes are felt especially clearly in the historical environment of small towns. Let's consider them on the example of the former Market square, and the Memory square now in Bar, Vinnytsia region.
The reconstructive transformations, that took place with this square in the twentieth century, led to the partial loss of its historical market function. But, at the same time, it received the new functions, memorial and recreation, not less important.
The town park was organized in the center of the former Market square. It’s unordered right now. There are no elements of improvement in it. And, in spite of the fact that it has many old trees, it performs the transit function instead of traditional recreational function. People walk through it only to cross the square, but don’t come specifically to spend their free time. This space is not quite popular among the locals. How to change it?
So, the strategy of its revalorisation is determined as a necessary reconstructive transformation for its activization. Also, the recommendations are given on how to develop its existing modern functions and how to restore its historical function and harmoniously combine them to create high-quality urban public space.
The strategy of increasing the value of the existing urban historical environment is:
– to activate it through the organization as the multifunctional urban space, where the existing and historical functions are harmoniously combined;
– to attract local residents and tourists to the square and park by creating the comfortable urban space for staying and interesting for visiting and spending free time;
– to create the shopping arcade which will restore and organize the traditional historical function of the market square that currently exists in the form of spontaneous trade “from cars”;
– to enter the new building into the existing situation as correctly as possible. It can be modern architecture, but it must be coordinated with the existing surrounding buildings in scale, storeys, forms, material of facade decoration, color;
– to create the pedestrian zone on the territory of the square, extending the existing pedestrian zone of the Bona Sforzi street and of the St. Nicholas street.
The updated square has to delicately combine the restored historical market function (the new shopping arcade), the activated existing recreational function (the ordered existing park with landscaping elements, places for communication and recreation) and the supplemented memorial function (the new memorial complex of the ATO heroes). And this should be done so that the last function will be used not only on the official holidays, and people will come to this place in any of their free time. The square should be transformed from the transit and almost “empty” territory into the multifunctional friendly space.
So, the concept of the square updating is to create the interesting, comfortable public space for the people of all ages and preferences, which will harmoniously combine the existing and the new buildings, located around it. The general composition and new pedestrian directions are based on the already existing most popular directions of the movement that unite the territory of the Memory square with the existing monuments of local and national architecture: the Holy Assumption Church, the St. Anna's Church, the complex of the buildings of the Pokrovsky Monastery and the remains of the Bar Fortress and provide their species disclosure.
Thus, the overall strategy for the revalorisation of the Memory Square are the harmonious combination of the contextual historical and new architecture, the activation of the existing historical environment through its functional filling to create a coherent, qualitative, comfortable and interesting urban environment where the person is the main one. This will restore the regional traditions, will preserve the identity of the small town, will attract the tourists’ attention to it, will raise the social and architectural value of the urban environment, that will contribute to its sustainable development and will improve the living standards of local residents.
Кey words: revalorisation, small town historical center, market square, Memory square, high-quality urban public space.

УДК 72.01. (477)

А. І. Марковський
Київський національний університет будівництва і архітектури,
кафедра інформаційних технологій в архітектурі

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ЕСТЕТИКИ В АРХІТЕКТУРІ.
“ТРАДИЦІЙНА” І “АКАДЕМІЧНА” АРХІТЕКТУРА

© Марковський А. І., 2018

Подано передумови виникнення сучасних критеріїв у естетиці щодо архітектури на тлі кризи у мистецтві в першій половині ХХ століття. Розглянуто категорії “краси” та “корисності” в архітектурі, як місці синтезу мистецтва та інженерних наук. Наведено дефініцію “традиційної”, “академічної” та “сучасної” архітектури.
Ключові слова: естетика, мистецтво, культура, краса, традиційна архітектура, архітектура сучасна.

Кількість посилань 10

А. Markovskyi
Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture,
Department of information technology in architecture

THE CONCEPT OF AESTHETICS IN ARCHITECTURE. “TRADITIONAL” AND “ACADEMIC” ARCHITECTURE

© Markovskyi A., 2018

Architecture from the aesthetics criteria point of view is in unique position, is being the high art and utilitarian, material thing at the same time. The famous formula of Vitruvius, “utilitas, firmitas, venustas” [utility, strength, beauty] reveals synthesis of spirit and matter. Architecture, that have been a monumental art, at the same time is very visual: it is constantly around us, has created habitat and acquiring in this way has the obvious superiority in case of influence on people.
Monuments, that have extant, first was proclaimed as a landmarks of the epoch: their creating requires considerable investments and global efforts of cohesive society, sublimates a whole baggage of advanced scientific and aesthetic searches, that was available at the moment. Architect, with few exceptions, can not exist as an active agent of the field without proper recognition, acceptance of his work by the public. So architecture that is realized automatically becomes a reflection of aesthetic preferences that prevail in one or another society at a certain time.
Crystallization of the concept of “traditional” and “academic” art began to form at the border of nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This was due, on the one hand, by national liberation tendencies in Central and Eastern Europe, where, in line of the recovery of self-definition and national identity searches, the explorers began to carefully research and collect samples of traditional folk art. On the other hand – a rapid colonial and research expansion of Western European countries, which opened to European artists a rich layer of art of the East, the tribes of Africa, Oceania and America (at that time classification: “primary” or “primitive” art). “For early twentieth century art an opening of primitive society cultures, the revaluation of heritage of the medieval Europe and the East, archaeological findings in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, have provided powerful impulses in the search for a new artistic language, which have significantly differed from the usual system of European classical fine art” [4, p. 139–140].
At the same time with the opening of the other cultures traditions and research of its own historical heritage, had raises the question of self-definitions of the concepts of “traditional” and “nontraditional” (“academic”) art. Still there is no exact definitions and clear limits for these concepts and they can considerably differ for variety kinds of art at different countries and regions. If we are talking about the architecture of Europe, in a broad sense, traditional architecture is the architecture that was built by folk masters from traditional materials, according to the traditions of a cultural area.
The twofold nature of architecture, that associated with arts and practical engineering aspects simultaneously, have complicated the issue. This leads to the aftereffect that architects are often divided into two conditional subgroups: “theoreticians” and “practitioners”. The first are accused of lack of practice, which from the standpoint of their opponent eventually undermine their role in the development of architecture as a phenomenon. Practitioners in contrast, often venturing into application activity, leave society very few information about stimulus and motives of their own creative method. In this regard, the architecture is quite different from other plastic arts, because require from the viewer a relevant knowledge not only in theoretical aesthetics, but also in the engineering sector, which significantly reduces the number of qualified critics.
This means in our opinion that the question of “aesthetics” in architecture is quite different from the others arts and beyond the scope of the philosophical categories of “beauty”, “taste” and “culture”. According to Vitruvius, as has been said before, “beauty” in architecture is defined through its “utility” and “strength”. This concept now dominates in academic criteria of architecture that paradoxically is in common criteria between “academic” and “applied” art. The obligatory functionality and practicality of “high” “academic” architecture (even the most radical architectural concept should take into account gravity, carrying capacity of material and other physical components) by a straight line connect it with the “traditional” and “applied” architecture.
Accordingly, the definition of aesthetics in contemporary architecture can not be defined only as a theoretical category and should obligatorily take into account a practical experience.
Key words: aesthetics, art, culture, beauty, traditional architecture, modern architecture.

УДК 72.01

О. І. Моркляник
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра архітектурного проектування

ІДЕОЛОГІЧНА СКЛАДОВА УТОПІЧНИХ ІДЕЙ
РАДЯНСЬКОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ 30–80-х рр. ХХ ст.

© Моркляник О. І., 2018

Зроблено спробу проаналізувати ідеологічну складову радянської архітектури
30–80-х рр. ХХ ст. Підкреслено ідеологічне тло розвитку ідей (зокрема, утопічних) в радянській архітектурі аналізованого періоду. Розглянуто послідовність етапів розвитку і формування ідеї соціалістичного реалізму та суть ідеї пошуку соціалістичного стилю в архітектурі досліджуваного періоду.
Ключові слова: утопічна ідея, радянська архітектура, соціалістичний реалізм, соціалістичний стиль, архітектурне мислення.

Кількість посилань 13

O. Morklyanyk
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Architectural Design

IDEOLOGICAL UTOPIAN IDEAS CONSTITUENT OF THE SOVIET ARCHITECTURE FROM THE 30s TO THE 80s OF THE 20th CENTURY

© Morklyanyk O., 2018

In this article the author attempted to analyze the ideological constituent of the soviet architecture utopian ideas in the 1930–80s. An ideological background of the ideas development in soviet architecture of the analyzed period is emphasized.
A new socio-political doctrine opposition to an existent one became the basis of the USSR State policy in 1930–80s, which was commemorated by internal contradictions. Ambiguity of USSR totalitarian policy was in free national development declaration and at the same time elaboration of the utopian doctrine of “national merger” into one soviet nation – historically new social and international unity, the component of which is “a new soviet person” as a top of moral perfection.
A sequence of development stages and an idea formation of socialist realism is examined. The characteristics and research of ideological reason of the inception, development and the socialist realism formation as a formative method testify of full engagement of the architectural activity in the examined period in a State dogmatic ideology. The essence of socialist realism as an architectural declared method was in architectural thinking method and architectural professional consciousness formation, where an attitude to a social utopia dominated. While summarizing the success in creating socialist realism in architecture, it is possible to state that formally we succeeded in its creation through architectural ways and means system elaboration, which made this architecture recognizable.
The essence of an idea of searching a socialist style in architecture in the examined period is solved. The problem of formation and definition of the socialist style became prioritized in the development of theory and practice of the soviet architecture in the second half of 50–80s of the 20th century. The essence of the problem was in architecture formation in this period which developed behind the architecture under the influence of the State ideology and a dominating in society myth of a “new socialist epoch”.
Ideological utopian idea constituent in architecture is obvious and is confirmed in normative acts, regulations, etc. according to architecture and in the form of architecture itself as a material representation of [utopian] architectural ideas of the examined period.
Key words: utopian idea, soviet architecture, socialist realism, socialist style, architectural thinking.

УДК 711.01

А. П. Павлів
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра дизайну та основ архітектури

РОЗВИТОК ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА
У М. ЛЬВОВІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗМІН ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ
ТА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ
© Павлів А. П., 2018
Розглянуто закономірності розвитку житлового будівництва в м. Львові за останні роки. Відображено основні причини цього розвитку. Зроблено аналіз, щоб забезпечити можливість прогресування в житловій галузі та участь в ній іноземних інвесторів.
Ключові слова: житлова політика Львова, розвиток житлового будівництва, іноземні інвестиції.

Кількість посилань 11

A. Pavliv
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Design and Basics of Architecture

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING
IN LVIV IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGES IN ECONOMIC
AND POLITICAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE

© Pavliv A., 2018

Residential architecture is the most common type of building in Lviv. State declaration of work on adjusting to European standards of living, including reaching the mean values of population housing and permanent housing demand, will ensure the future relevance of this type of construction. For efficient formation of housing policies, reliable forecasting in housing construction and management, we need to analyze current trends in the housing market in Lviv and Ukraine in recent years.
The author of this article examined the patterns of housing development in Lviv in recent years, highlighted the main reasons for this development, analyzed the availability of opportunities for further progression of this industry and involvement of foreign investors.
The analysis showed a sharp increase in rates and volumes of housing construction in Lviv in 2008 and 2014–2015 which was significantly higher than predicted.
The main factors that motivate people to invest money in real estate and led, despite the crisis, to the growth in housing construction are: 1) political; 2) economic (i. e crisis of 2008; instability of the banking system). More of the favorable factors to be mentioned here are: 1) social; 2) demographic; 3) economic (i. e availability of local construction companies, foreign investments); 4) legal factor.
Investigation of the current state of the housing market showed that the city has enough conditions for intensive housing, including existing territorial resources, plenty of land plots offers, healthy competition in the market of housing, participation of foreign investors in the housing of Ukraine on the whole and Lviv in particular. There are some weaknesses though, such as: insufficient quality of the offered architecture and the reputation of local businesses that does not contribute to the development of their cooperation with foreign investors.
Activation of foreign investors in residential construction of Lviv, though not acquired a massive scale, yet can lead to fundamental changes in the positioning of forces in the real-estate market of the city. This course of actions will positively affect the formation of a high-end residential city in all segments.
Key words: the housing development in Lviv, residential construction, foreign investors.

УДК 727.364

А. Д. Смалійчук
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
кафедра архітектурного проектування та інженерії

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ПРИСТОСУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ “ЛЬВІВСЬКА ПОЛІТЕХНІКА” ДО ПОТРЕБ НЕПОВНОСПРАВНИХ

© Смалійчук А. Д., 2018

За рівнем пристосованості середовища для потреб неповносправних оцінюється не лише комфорт, функціональність, але й етика архітектури, що відображає зрілість суспільства. Комфортні умови для неповносправних повинні забезпечувати можливість пересування, перебування та навчання. Тому необхідно провести чимало заходів з покращення та облаштування фізичного середовища, враховуючи, що кампус полі¬техніки складається із будинків різних функціонально-розпланувальних, кон¬струк¬тивних, об’ємно-просторових та художньо-естетичних рішень і які вимагають індивідуального підходу для розв’язання цієї проблеми.
Ключові слова: неповносправні, етапи, пристосування, кампус, безбар’єрність, пандус, ліфт.

Кількість посилань 8

А. Smaliychuk
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Department of Architectural Design and Engineering

PROBLEM OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE TERRITORY
OF THE LVIV POLYTECHNIC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
TO THE NEEDS OF THE DISABLED

© Smaliychuk А., 2018

The problem of accessibility for the disabled remains not only actual, but also acute, even painful for the whole society. Indicator of the adaptability of the environment for people with special needs is a litmus paper of compliance with European values and a civilized society choice of equal opportunities and real conformity to the ideas of humanism. Most people understand the need for measures to adapt the environment to the needs of the disabled. This is the most difficult part, but this accessibility problem is not limited. Comfortable conditions for the disabled should include ability for moving, staying, and learning. If you want to achieve it, you need to take a lot of steps of adaptability of physical environment. Also the communications in different aspects are important.
This process of adaptation is complex and prolonged in time, so it is reasonable to divide it in time into three stages. The process of adaptation will include a large number of different activities of various complexity and price. They can be grouped into 3 major stages. These stages can be called “small reconstruction” (stage 1), “extended reconstruction” (stage 2), “complex reconstruction” (stage 3),
The 1st stage will include various measures for redevelopment and arrangement of educational buildings without changing the vertical communications. After its implementation, the ground floors of educational buildings will be accessible, where the entry level is close to the ground level not more than 0,5 m. The 2nd stage will include various measures to create a barrier-free environment throughout the campus and student’s campus. It will be installation of internal and external ramps and elevators first of all. This stage will be the most expensive and technically complicated, since some of the educational buildings were designed without lifts.
The third phase will include a variety of facilities at the end of the adaptation of the learning environment for the needs of the impaired, most of which are osculant. Some of these will be measures to improve the physical environment, for example more efficient lighting and some develop virtual environment, such as new distant forms of learning.
The campus of polytechnics consists of buildings with different functional-planning, spatial and artistic-aesthetic solutions, and require an individual approach to solve this problem. It should not be forgotten that the correspondence of the environment with one or another requirement, especially for people with special needs, fundamentally affects to reputation of “Lviv polytechnic” and place among other education institutions.
Key words: disabled, stages, adaptation, campus, barrier-free, ramp, lift.

УДК 711.1

Б. С. Черкес1, Г. П. Петришин2, С. І. Коник3
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”,
1кафедра дизайну та основ архітектури,
2кафедра містобудування,
3кафедра містобудування

ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЯ ЗАБУДОВИ ІСТОРИЧНО СФОРМОВАНОГО МІСТА (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ЛЬВОВА)

© Черкес Б. С., Петришин Г. П., Коник С. І., 2018

Розглянуто процес інтенсифікації міської території історично сформованого міста. Проаналізовано спроби інтенсифікувати квартали житлової забудови у різні періоди. Наведено визначення показників щільності. Прослідковано урбаністичні трансформації міської тканини, що впливають на зміни показників щільності та взаємозалежність між ними.
Ключові слова: міська забудова, урбанізація, щільність, інтенсифікація.

Кількість посилань 23

B. Cherkes 1, H. Petryshyn 2, S. Konyk 3
Lviv Polytechnic National University,
1Department of Design and Architecture Fundamentals,
2Department of Urban Planning and Design,
3Department of Urban Planning and Design

INTENSIFICATION OF HISTORICALLY FORMED
CITY BUILDING (ON THE EXAMPLE LVIV CITY)

© Cherkes B., Petryshyn H., Konyk S., 2018

The urbanization processes of recent decades have been active in shaping of the urban environment and the image of a modern city. Significant intensification of the way of life of people also leads to an increase in the density of the city in its various manifestations. Cities of the metropolitan nature, such as Lviv, are maximally intensified within their existing boundaries, taking into account the potential of both the formed urban structure and degraded or undeveloped territories.
In connection with the crisis phenomena of 1990s and the decline of the economy of the Soviet model,a special impulse of development was given to the areas designated in general plans of cities for re-urbanization measures such as post-industrial, long-standing warehouse zones, transport service areas, territories of military units and warehouses, cooperative gardens and garages, etc. However, today's urbanization processes are intensively tied to existing infrastructure that meets the standards and creates a comfortable environment for living.
Modernization of cities and intensification of construction in conditions of high market competition causes an increase in urban density. City density (compactness) is a term used for urban development and urban planning, and takes into account the number of people who inhabit this urbanized area. The density of cities is considered an important factor in understanding of the functioning of cities.
City density surveys are carried in various spheres, including economics, health, innovation, psychology and geography, as well as sustainable development. It is generally believed that cities with higher density are more stable than cities with low density. Density idicator is widely used in urban planning practice (in general plans, rules of land use and development, land development projects, etc.), which characterizes the intensity of the use of territories. Transformations are especially vividly traced in the historical urban environment.
The study of the change in the density index is conducted on the example of Lviv residential development areas of different periods. In Lviv, very dense building was observed in the city center, as well as in quarters outside the walls, which were formed during the regulation of Lviv's development by the Austrian administration in the first half of the 19th century The growth of the status of Lviv influenced the intensification of the construction process in the city, which accelerated considerably in the 19th century, and the number of inhabitants gradually increased. From the 2nd half of the 19th century, before World War 1, a construction boom was observed in Lviv, accompanied by the spreading of urban development in the suburbs. The size of the building increased too – primarily in the number of the storeys and the size of the neighborhoods. In the interwar period in Lviv, construction was formed under the influence of functionalism, and in the periphery of the city the principles of the garden city were used, which affected the reduction of the density of the building and the creation of a comfortable environment. Lviv suffered the greatest crisis during the Second World War, when burgers of Jewish nationality were eliminated, Polish – resettled, and Ukrainian – subjected to repression. The population of Lviv resumed only in the 1970s due to its transformation of it into an industrial center, which also resulted in its territorial growth. The construction of a new mass housing, based on the principles of modernism on the principles of strict rationing, adopted for the entire USSR was applied. The General plan of 1970 predicted an increase in the number of inhabitants to 1 million in the 2000s. The period of independence began on the background of a protracted economic crisis, and the new construction was intensified only in the last decade.
Today in Lviv a process of intensification of construction of the territory of the city on selected sites is observed, which is due to increasing of the density and storey surface of the new building. Often, new residential complexes are not large-scale for a person's perception and affect the quality of the urban environment. Therefore, it is important, taking into account historical experience, to determine the optimal indicators of the density of the urban environment. The number of available population in Lviv, according to estimates, as of April 1, 2016 reached to 757.2 thousand people. In 2016, in Lviv (including Vynnyky, Bryukhovychi and Rudno satellites), residential buildings with a total area of 475.4 thousand square meters were put into operation. 55.3 % of the general housing of the region was introduced in Lviv, and 633.3 sq.m. of total housing area was built per 1000 inhabitants of the city. Such volumes of housing construction require the active development of infrastructure and an increase in the number of service facilities. This approach leads to the following changes: density of construction; load on transport infrastructure; additional load on engineering networks; increase in the number of sources of noise pollution; air pollution; visual pollution; closure of production; spontaneous building in suburban green areas; the decline of the natural landscape under anthropogenic influence; social and domestic conflicts.
Intensification of the urban environment during the period of growth of urbanization should take into account the needs of the city, take into account its problems and maintain the concept of sustainable development. Formation of developmental neighborhoods should be considered in the city context and create a good urban environment. Even more responsible task is to find approaches to the intensification of historic cities, especially their central parts.
Key words: urban development, urbanization, density, intensification.